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(Publication Type: Success Stories)
The WorldFish Center. ( ) Success story: Regional partnerships for action on fish-related Issues.
Several initiatives aim at improving commitment to fish-production issues as a concern for policy and research, in Africa and in Asia.
Subject Descriptors: Partnerships

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(Publication Type: Audio/Visual)
Liu, J. ( ) BBC Asia news report. WMV format; 3:38 min.

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R 93-329
Chua, T.E.; Paw, J.N. ( ) Aquaculture development and coastal zone management in Southeast Asia: conflicts and complementarity. 21 pp. (Paper; no.576.)
ICLARM Contrib. No. 399.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Coastal zone management; Environmental impact

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Foale, S.; Adhuri, D.; Aliño, P.; Allison, E.H.; Andrew, N.; Cohen, P.; Evans, L.; Fabinyi, M.; Fidelman, P.; Gregory, C.; Stacey, N.; Tanzer, J.; Weeratunge, N. ( 2013 ) Food security and the coral Triangle Initiative. ISSN 0308-597X.
Marine Policy 38: 174-183.
The Asia-Pacific's Coral Triangle is defined by its extremely high marine biodiversity. Over one hundred million people living in its coastal zones use this biodiversity to support their livelihoods. Hundreds of millions more derive nutritious food directly from the region's marine resources and through local, regional and global trade. Biodiversity and its values to society are threatened by demographic and habitat change, rising demand, intensive harvesting and climate change. In partnership with international conservation organisations and development funders, the governments of the region's six countries have come together to develop the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security. The CTI has explicit goals and defined targets for marine biodiversity conservation, but not for the food security of the region's marine-resource dependent people, despite this being the wider aim used to justify conservation action. This article suggests how the food security aim of the CTI could be made more explicit. It outlines the complex pathways linking marine biodiversity with food security and argues that improved social science analysis, inter-sectoral policy and management interactions are necessary if conserving marine biodiversity is to contribute towards meeting food security challenges in the region.
Subject Descriptors: Coral; Ecosystems; Biodiversity; Food security; AAS

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(Publication Type: Proceedings (Refereed))
Hair, C.A.; Pickering, T.D.; Mills, D.J. (eds.) ( 2012 ) Asia–Pacific tropical sea cucumber aquaculture. ISBN 9781921962356.
Proceedings of an international symposium held in Noumea, New Caledonia, 15–17 February 2011. ACIAR Proceedings No. 136. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 209 p.
ACIAR, in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), organised a symposium on tropical sea cucumber aquaculture at SPC Headquarters in Noumea, New Caledonia, in February 2011. Although the principal focus was on ACIAR work, particularly in the Asia–Pacific region, researchers from other parts of the world were invited to provide additional expertise. The symposium identified knowledge gaps and highlighted researchable topics for future developments in sea cucumber aquaculture.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Sandfish; Sea Cucumber

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Belton, B. ( 2012 ) Culture, social relations and private sector development in the Thai and Vietnamese fish hatchery sectors. ISSN 1360-7456.
Asia Pacific Viewpoint 53(2): 133-146.
This paper provides a comparative analysis of the social and cultural dimensions of fish hatchery development in Vietnam and Thailand. Two detailed case studies highlight the importance of a variety of culturally mediated, informal interpersonal relationships in facilitating the establishment of new hatchery enterprises. The analysis reveals that in both Vietnam and Thailand, informal relationships are extremely effective conduits for the transfer of productive technologies from public institutions to private entrepreneurs and for the subsequent development of private enterprises. It is concluded that if current policies aimed at promoting private sector development are to be more successful, they must be better tailored to the contours of specific cultural geographies in locations where they are implemented.
Subject Descriptors: Hatcheries; Aquaculture; Development; Sociological aspects

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Baran, E.; Chum, N.; Fukushima, M.; Hand, T.; Hortle, K.G.; Jutagate, T.; Kang, B. ( 2012 ) Fish biodiversity research in the Mekong Basin. ISBN 978-4-431-54032-8.
p. 149-164. In: Nakano, S. ; Yahara, T. ; Nakashizuka, T. The Biodiversity Observation Network in the Asia-Pacific Region: Toward Further Development of Monitoring. Ecological Research Monographs. Tokyo, Springer.
The Mekong River is one of the great rivers of the world and is characterized by high fish biodiversity. A number of organizations are working at observing and protecting aquatic biodiversity in this hotspot of global importance. Among them are international organizations such as the WWF, Wetlands International, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) but also regional institutions and national line agencies or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). We review in this chapter the activities of fi ve international, regional, and national organizations involved in Mekong fi sh biodiversity research. These organizations include The WorldFish Center, Conservation International (CI), The Mekong River Commission (MRC), Ubon Ratchathani University, and the Japan National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). For each institution, we detail recent projects, modes of operation, issues faced, and priorities for improved observation and protection of biodiversity.
Subject Descriptors: Biodiversity; Ecology; Research; Fish; Species

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SH206 P292 2012 (Publication Type: DVD; Audio/Visual)
Culture and Environment Preservation Association; The WorldFish Center; The Wetland Alliance. ( 2012 ) The impact of climate change: adapting to climate change; Experiences of a community in Northeast Cambodia. 1 disc; 2 clips (10 mins 30 seconds ; 4 mins 24 seconds)
DVD. The WorldFish Center. Cambodia.
This DVD contains the results of two community produced media projects created by village communities in Stung Treng Province in North-eastern Cambodia. The first entititled Impact of Climate Change and the second entitled Adapting to climate change: experiences of a community in Northeast Cambodia. It is a part of community based adaptation project and ongoing social research initiative supported by CEPA and the WorldFish Center, financial supports provided by SIDA through the Wetland Alliance & Swedish Environmental Secretariat for Asia (SENSA) and Small Grant Program (SGP/UNDP)

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(Publication Type: Proceedings Paper (Refereed))
Perez, M.L.; Brown, E.O. ( 2012 ) Market potential and challenges for expanding the production of sea cucumber in South-East Asia. ISBN 9781921962356.
p. 177-188. In: Hair, C.A. ; Pickering, T.D. ; Mills, D.J. (eds.) Asia-Pacific tropical sea cucumber aquaculture. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Noumea, New Caledonia, 15–17 February 2011. ACIAR Proceedings No. 136. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 209 p.
The marketing system for sea cucumber in South-East Asia is generally inefficient, and marketing channels are multilayered. Information asymmetry encourages proliferation of redundant players in the distribution system, while high transaction costs keep the overall marketing margin high but the price received by collectors low. This paper is limited to establishing the major features of the marketing system for sea cucumber in South-East Asia. The opportunities and challenges associated with this system, especially in relation to expanding production in response to a growing demand, is the primary focus. The potential for aquaculture is also explored. The paper uses secondary data on production and marketing, as well as information/data generated from relevant studies conducted in the Philippines, Vietnam and Hong Kong. The paper also provides a synthesis of results and discussion from available literature on the subject. The first section outlines the marketing system, particularly in terms of features common to countries in South-East Asia. The second section discusses the marketing opportunities and challenges to expanding sea cucumber production in the region. The third section provides a synthesis of common marketing issues, and offers a set of recommendations on how to explore the opportunities, overcome the challenges, and deal with the various issues plaguing the sea cucumber industry in the region.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Sandfish; Sea Cucumber; Marketing

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Nagabhatla, N.; Beveridge, M.; Mahfuzul Haque, A.B.M.; Nguyen-Khoa, S.; van Brakel, M. ( 2012 ) Multiple water use as an approach for increased basin productivity and improved adaptation: a case study from Bangladesh. ISSN 1571-5124.
International Journal of River Basin Management 10(1): 121-136.
This study, supported by the Challenge Program Water and Food (CPWF-Project 35), demonstrates the case of multiple-use of water through seasonal aquaculture interventions for improved rice–fish production systems in the Bangladesh floodplains. The project focused on community-based fish culture initiatives, increasingly adopted in the agro-ecological zones of the major floodplains of the Padma, Testa, and Brahmaputra basin. The productivity of water and fish is used as an indicator to explain this case. We hypothesize that seasonal aquaculture supported by the management of floodplains for multiple-use of water can significantly increase the productivity of rice–fish systems. Recognizing the need for innovative ways to manage human-dominated landscapes and climate-sensitive ecosystems such as floodplains, we have analysed seasonal aquaculture interventions along with local adaptation of water management strategies, including the consideration of groundwater mechanisms. The results, supported by quantitative analysis and qualitative arguments, demonstrate the significant contribution of seasonal aquaculture in improving the rice–fish production systems of the selected floodplain sites. This was achieved through the increased productivity of water and fish and the reduction of the risk posed by arsenic contamination. The study is also illustrative of the diversification in livelihood-generating activities to cope with the extended period of flooding cycle in the region. We highlight the value of multiple resource-use approaches to enhance the social and ecological resilience of floodplains, and the need to re-consider basin water management options to recognize the water requirements of other sources of food such as fish produced by capture fisheries and aquaculture.
Subject Descriptors: Flood plains; Aquaculture; Rice field aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Ratner, B.D.; Oh, E.J.V.; Pomeroy, R.S. ( 2012 ) Navigating change: Second-generation challenges of small-scale fisheries co-management in the Philippines and Vietnam. ISSN 0301-4797.
Journal of Environmental Management 107: 131–139.
Early efforts to apply the concept of fisheries co-management in Southeast Asia focused primarily on building the effectiveness of local management institutions and advocating the merits of the approach so that it would be applied in new sites, while gradually learning and adapting to a range of obstacles in practice. Today, with co-management widely embraced by the research community and adopted as policy by an increasing number of governments, a second-generation perspective has emerged. This perspective is distinguished by efforts to navigate and influence change in the broader institutional and governance context: (a) a more sophisticated appreciation of politics, power relations, and the role of the state, (b) efforts to manage resource competition beyond the fisheries sector, (c) building institutions for adaptation and learning, and (d) recognizing divergent values and goals influencing fisheries management. This paper traces the evolution of this second-generation perspective, noting how it has built on learning from early practice and how it has been cross-fertilized by theoretical innovations in related fields, notably resilience thinking and political ecology. We illustrate this evolution through analysis of experience in the Philippines, with a relatively long experience of learning and adaptation in fisheries co-management practice, and Vietnam, where fisheries co-management policies have been embraced more recently. Characterizing the second-generation perspective helps identify points of convergence in the research and policy community about what needs attention, providing a basis for more systematic cross-country and cross-regional learning.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Resource management; Governance; Artisanal fishing

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(Publication Type: Proceedings Paper (Refereed))
Mills, D.J.; Duy, N.D.Q.; Juinio-Meñez, M.A.; Raison, C.M.; Zarate, J.M. ( 2012 ) Overview of sea cucumber aquaculture and sea-ranching research in the South-East Asian region. ISBN 9781921962356.
p. 22-31. In: Hair, C.A. ; Pickering, T.D. ; Mills, D.J. (eds.) Asia-Pacific tropical sea cucumber aquaculture. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Noumea, New Caledonia, 15–17 February 2011. ACIAR Proceedings No. 136. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 209 p.
South-East Asia has traditionally been the global centre of production of tropical sea cucumbers for Chinese markets. Early research into culture methods took place outside this region, notably in India, the Pacific region and China. However, recent investment in Holothuria scabra (sandfish) culture has led to some significant advances within this region. The Philippines and Vietnam have been at the forefront of recent efforts, with involvement from substantial national programs and local institutions as well as international donors and scientific organisations. Smaller programs are ongoing in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Recent advances and simplifications in hatchery techniques are a major step forward, having promoted the development of experimental-scale sea-ranching ventures, and given rise to a small, commercial pond-based culture industry in Vietnam. Technology developments in nursery systems are likely to provide opportunities for culture enterprises in a broader range of environments than is now possible. A major research thrust in the Philippines towards developing cooperative sea-ranching enterprises has demonstrated good potential, and institutional/ legislative arrangements to ensure adequate property rights have been tested. Rotational culture with shrimp is proving successful in Vietnam, while the possibility of proximate co-culture of sandfish and shrimp has largely been ruled out. Small-scale experiments in the Philippines raise the possibility of co-culture in ponds with a number of finfish species. Current research directions are looking at diversifying technology to increase success in a range of coastal conditions, better understanding the social and biophysical conditions required for success, and finding ways of effectively scaling-out developed systems and technology.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Sandfish; Sea Cucumber

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Ahmed Ibrahim, N.; Abou Zaid, M.Y.; Khaw, H.L.; El-Naggar, G.O.; Ponzoni, R.W. ( 2012 ) Relative performance of two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) strains in Egypt: The Abbassa selection line and the Kafr El Sheikh commercial strain. ISSN 1365-2109.
Aquaculture Research [online first 29 July]
The Abbassa selection line (developed by selective breeding) and the Kafr El Sheikh commercial strain (widely used in Egypt), both Oreochromis niloticus, were compared at two stocking densities (two and four fish m-2). Harvest weight, length, depth, width and head length were recorded. The Abbassa line showed a superior harvest weight (28 per cent) over the Kafr El Sheikh strain. Males were heavier than females, but the between-sex difference was greater in the commercial than in the Abbassa line (39 and 31 per cent respectively). Females in the Abbassa line grew almost as fast as males in the commercial line. Both strains grew faster at the lower density, and the percentage reduction in harvest weight at the higher density was about the same for both strains (27 per cent). The advantage of the Abbassa line was 28 per cent at both densities. Both strains had a similar survival rate (approximately 80 per cent) during the grow-out period. We conclude that the Abbassa line is ready for release to the tilapia industry in Egypt. Further evidence is being sought in currently underway on-farm evaluations. Measures should be taken to ensure the long-term viability of the Abbassa line.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Selective breeding; Growth

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Purcell, S.W.; Hair, C.A.; Mills, D.J. ( 2012 ) Sea cucumber culture, farming and sea ranching in the tropics: Progress, problems and opportunities. ISSN 0044-8486.
Aquaculture 368–369: 68-81.
Tropical sea cucumber mariculture has potential to become a profitable industry and contribute towards natural population replenishment. Here, we synthesise the fields of progress, current impediments and research opportunities in tropical sea cucumber aquaculture arising from recent studies and an Indo-Pacific symposium. We present novel comparisons of data from hatcheries, earthen ponds and sea pens from published and unpublished studies in various countries. Of the few tropical species to have been cultured, only the sandfish Holothuria scabra has been bred extensively. While risks from hatchery-produced sea cucumbers are recognised, more genetic research is needed in farming and sea-ranching programmes. Advances have been made in the culture and nursery rearing of tropical sea cucumber juveniles but few have been published. Sandfish larvae have now been grown successfully on just one microalga species, but experimental studies to optimise culture conditions are needed urgently. Disease of tropical sea cucumbers in culture is infrequent but the treatment of disease and parasites is understudied. Earthen ponds are currently most effective for nursery rearing of juvenile sandfish to a size for stocking. Growth rates and survival of sandfish in ponds to market size are also favourable, and should improve via studies on stocking density, feeding regimes and pond management. Sea pens confer ownership of released stock and can provide a means of limiting predation in natural habitats but the costs of materials, maintenance and surveillance against poaching can diminish profitability. Sea ranching has minimal material costs but needs a large leased area and may require juveniles to be marked prior to release. Retail prices of sandfish in Hong Kong increased exponentially with body size. A cost-benefit analysis illustrated that labour and utility costs in pond farming will preclude profitability of monoculture in some cases, forcing proponents to look towards co-culture or gamble with uncertain survival in sea ranching. Better governance and consultation regarding the stocking of sea cucumbers have been advocated. We conclude that well-designed experiments and meta-analyses are needed to fill critical knowledge gaps if sea cucumber mariculture is to expand in the tropics as it has in temperate Asia. Co-culture remains a burgeoning frontier despite poor success of initial studies. Sea cucumbers have superb potential to diversify mariculture industries in the tropics and potentially ameliorate the detrimental effects of mariculture on coastal ecosystems.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Sea cucumbers; Aquatic Agricultural Systems(AAS)

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(Publication Type: Proceedings Paper (Refereed))
Phillips, M.; Collis, W.; Demaine, H.; Flores-Nava, A.; Gautier, D.; Hough, C.; Luu, L.T.; Merican, Z.; Padiya, P.A.; Palmer, R.; Pant, J.; Pickering, T.; Secretan, P.; Umesh, N.R. ( 2012 ) Servicing the aquaculture sector: role of state and private sectors.
p. 627-642. In: Subasinghe, R.R.; Arthur, J.R.; Bartley, D.M.; De Silva, S.S.; Halwart, M.; Hishamunda, N.; Mohan, C.V.; Sorgeloos, P. (eds.) Farming the waters for people and food. Proceedings of the Globlal Conference on Aquaculture 2010. Phuket, Thailand. 22-25 September 2010. FAO, Rome and NACA, Bangkok.
This paper was prepared by a group of authors of complementary experiences and presented during the Thematic Session V: Improving knowledge and information sharing, research and extension in aquaculture at the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Farming the Waters for People and Food held in Phuket, Thailand on 22–25 September 2010. The paper, which draws particularly on experiences in Asia, the Pacific and Europe, reviews the role of aquaculture services, recent changes in requirements and delivery of services, and future opportunities and needs, with special reference to roles and responsibilities of state and private sectors. It concludes with recommendations drawn from the discussions at the conference, where the importance of investment in services across the sector was emphasized, noting the particular significance of equitable service delivery to smaller aquaculture enterprises in developing countries, including emerging aquaculture countries in Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Development

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(Publication Type: Proceeding Paper)
Bhujel, R.C. ( 2012 ) Small-scale aquaculture: Global and national perspectives.
p. 10-18. In: Shrestha, M.K. ; Pant, J. (eds.) Small-scale aquaculture for rural livelihoods: Proceeding of the National Symposium on Small-scale Aquaculture for Increasing Resilience of Rural Livelihoods in Nepal. Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal and the WorldFish Center. Penang, Malayisa.
Fish has been a staple food for over a billion people. Its demand is increasing due to growing population and awareness about health benefits of aquatic animal food. Disappointingly, wild catch worldwide is on the decline and aquaculture is emerging as the only solution. It grew at 9%/yr in the last 10 years becoming the fastest growing food production sector. At present, aquaculture produces only about 45 million t per year but it needs to be doubled by 2030 to meet its growing demand. Asia produces over 85% of the global farmed fish - mostly by small-scale farmers. Nine of the top 10 fish producing countries in the world are in Asia, all of which started from small-scale aquaculture. Small-scale aquaculture has not only supplied animal protein to the rural poor but has also generated income. Apart from this, it has also served as a gateway to commercial farming and export earnings, e.g., pangasius farming in Vietnam and shrimp in Thailand. Total fish production in Nepal is estimated at about 45,000 t/yr supplying less than 2 kg/caput which is far below as compared to the neighboring countries. Protein intake from animal sources in the country is only about 10%. Furthermore, over half of the total fish consumed comes from India. The country plans to construct more dams to increase electricity generation which will seriously affect natural fish stock. Cage culture in reservoirs, trout farming in hilly areas and backyard fish farming in integration with agriculture in rural areas need to be promoted through government support, donor assistance and international collaborations.
Subject Descriptors: Small scale aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Pomeroy, R.S.; Cinner, J.E.; Nielsen, J.R. ( 2011 ) Conditions for successful co-management: lessons learned in Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. ISBN 978-1-84593-607-5.
p. 115-131. In: Pomeroy, R.S. ; Andrew, N.L. (eds.) Small-scale fisheries management: frameworks and approaches for the developing world. Cabi, UK. 247 p.
The purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss key conditions for the successful implementation of fisheries and coastal co-management identified in South-east Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. These four regions were selected as several recent research and development projects have produced outputs in which key conditions have been identified. The conditions are reported on a regional basis not for a specific country, as this is how the authors have presented their results. It is expected that specific conditions would differ by country. These conditions will embrace the wide range of aspects that can affect the implementation and performance of co-management and activities, from resources and fisheries to cultural and institutional dimensions. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of policy implications for fisheries and coastal co-management.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Belton, B.; Little, D.C. ( 2011 ) Contemporary visions for small scale aquaculture. ISBN 9789059725393.
p. 151-172. In: Chuenpagdee, R. (ed.) World small-scale fisheries: contemporary vision. Eburon Academic, the Netherlands.
This chapter discusses the importance of small scale aquaculture in supporting livelihoods and alleviating poverty. Similar to capture fisheries, this sector faces challenges related to globalized trade, production regulation and climate variability that threaten its future. This essay considers ‘small-scale aquaculture’ (SSA) from a variety of perspectives. It first examines the origins and usage of the term and offer a definition based on the social characteristics of those who practice it. It then examines drivers of contemporary SSA, the various roles that SSA plays in supporting agrarian livelihoods and its relationship to wellbeing and poverty with references to examples drawn from across Asia. The challenges and opportunities presented to small-scale producers and culture systems are assessed, and the likely future of small-scale aquatic production systems is discussed.

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(Publication Type: Policy Brief)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2011 ) Financing smallholder aquaculture enterprises.
Policy brief no. 2011-07. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 8 p.
Aquaculture is the world’s fastest growing food production sector. Developing countries produce the bulk of aquaculture production, and smallholders dominate the rural landscape throughout the developing world, making up a large proportion of people involved in aquaculture production in many countries. Smallholders participate across the spectrum of aquaculture, from subsistence fish farming where aquaculture is part of a diverse household livelihood, to specialisation in more commercially oriented aquaculture, involvement in micro enterprises across value chains, and even through employment in the growing number of larger commercial aquaculture enterprises. This policy brief provides guidance on investing in the improvement of establishment of smallholder aquaculture enterprises. It builds upon experiences of working with smallholder commercial farmers in Asia, and particularly from facilitating improvements with small scale shrimp and fish farmers in Aceh, Indonesia, analyses of the Vietnamese catfish industry, a review of aquaculture producer organisations as well as cross-commodity and country comparisons. It is intended to guide both public and private actors in approaches to financing improvements in business oriented smallholder aquaculture, and to be an entry point for the private sector on more inclusive ways to engage smallholders in value chains.

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Arthur, R.; Friend, R.; Dubois, M. ( 2011 ) Fisheries, nutrition and regional development pathways: reasserting food rights. ISBN 9781849711883.
p. 149-166. In: Lazarus, K. ; Badenoch, N. ; Dao, N. ; Resurreccion, B.P. (eds.) Water rights and social justice in the Mekong region. Earthscan, London. 265 p.
As hydropower developments are accelerated, particularly along the the Mekong mainstream, debates are looming over how to address the loss of abundant fisheries that are so important to local livelihoods.The authors discuss what is at stake and what might be lost by considering how fisheries contribute to development that meets the needs of the people of Mekong. They emphasise the importance of food sovereignty as a local issue in the discourse about trade-offs in water decision-making. In particular, the authors explore experiences from Lao PDR, a country with a rich capture fishery, but also endemic food crisis, and a national policy commitment to both poverty reduction and significant hydropower development.
Subject Descriptors: Dams; Fisheries

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