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(Publication Type: Success Stories)
The WorldFish Center. ( ) Success story: Regional partnerships for action on fish-related Issues.
Several initiatives aim at improving commitment to fish-production issues as a concern for policy and research, in Africa and in Asia.
Subject Descriptors: Partnerships

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(Publication Type: Project flyer)
ASARECA. ( 2012 ) Aquaculture's unrealised potential: an ASARECA funded partnership learning programme for the fisheries sector.
The potential of aquaculture to reduce poverty and hunger has been recognised in Africa. However, growth in the sector has been limited up-to-now, providing less than 2% of total fish production. In Eastern and Central Africa, the slow growth has been caused by a number of factors, including a development focus on resource poor farmers rather than small and medium enterprises, a lack of focus on the entire fish value chain (feed, seed, processing and marketing), as well as weak governance and policy environments. Under a project funded by the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), five partner organizations are working together to look not only at fish production, but also beyond the fish farm to help enable the aquaculture sector in the region to reach its potential to reduce poverty and hunger.

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Bell, R.J.; Collie, J.S.; Jamu, D.; Banda, M. ( 2012 ) Changes in the biomass of chambo in the southeast arm of Lake Malawi: A stock assessment of Oreochromis spp. ISSN 1355-557X.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 38: 720-729.
Lake Malawi has one of the most diverse fish faunas in the world (500–650 species) and is a major source of protein for the people of Malawi. Chambo (Oreochromis spp.) is one of the most important food fishes; its abundance has declined sharply over the last twenty-years. Surveys by the Malawi Department of Fisheries have shown a decrease in chambo density in the southeast arm of the lake and the annual harvest has dropped substantially since 1985. We conducted a dynamic stock assessment of Oreochromis spp. which included all vessel and gear types and covered the entire southeast arm of Lake Malawi. Chambo biomass peaked in 1982 and then declined continuously through the early 2000s. The biomass is highly correlated with the mean lake height two years prior suggesting that recruitment may be linked to increased nutrient input, and spawning and nursery habitat associated with the flooding of low lying areas. The main driver of chambo biomass, however, was fishing pressure which was above the level that would achieve maximum sustainable yield during the entire time series. This study provides a baseline from which to measure changes due to future management actions or climate variations.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery surveys; Fishing vessels; Fishing gear; Stock assessment; Biomass

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Béné, C.; Chijere Asafu, D.G.; Allison, E.H.; Snyder, K. ( 2012 ) Design and implementation of fishery modules in integrated household surveys in developing countries.
The WorldFish Center, Penang.
Document prepared for the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) project.
Fish and other aquatic animals contribute to the food security of citizens of developing countries, both as a source of income and as a component of healthy diets, yet fishing is not currently captured in most integrated household surveys. This sourcebook provides essential technical guidance on the design of statistical modules and questionnaires aimed at collecting fishery data at the household level. Background on the main policies important to the fishery sector, information on the data needed to analyze issues of policy relevance, and methodology on the construction of survey questions to collect necessary data are also provided. The document is organized to provide essential technical guidance on how to design statistical modules and questionnaires aimed at collecting fishery data at the household level. It includes an overview of the main technical and statistical challenges related to sampling fishery-dependent households. The document starts with an introductory section identifying the potential reasons why fisheries and in particular small-scale fisheries have not been adequately included in national statistical systems in a large number of countries. The report then proposes a succinct review of what is known (and what remains unknown) about small-scale fisheries and their contribution to the livelihoods of households in sub-Saharan Africa. It also provides readers with background on the main policies that are important to the fishery sector, information on the data needed to analyze issues of policy relevance, and methodology on the construction of survey questions to collect necessary data.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Research; Surveys; Statistics

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Lind, C.E.; Brummett, R.E.; Ponzoni, R.W. ( 2012 ) Exploitation and conservation of fish genetic resources in Africa: issues and priorities for aquaculture development and research. ISSN 1753-5131.
Reviews in Aquaculture 4(3): 125–141.
Africa harbours a rich biological diversity of native fish resources. Recognition of the potential to use these resources to make significant contributions towards improving African food security through aquaculture has existed for some time. A key challenge, however, is achieving compatibility between the two urgent, but sometimes conflicting, goals of reducing poverty and food insecurity in Africa through aquaculture development while paying due attention to the conservation of natural biodiversity and fish genetic resources (FiGR). In this paper we highlight the overarching challenges concerning the conservation and exploitation of FiGR for the long-term development of aquaculture for food production in Africa. We address the major issues requiring attention in genetic improvement programs in order to take full advantage of the highly diverse wild FiGR in Africa, and we expand on strategies such as zoning, environmental risk analysis and molecular characterization approaches that can be used to minimize the potential harm to wild FiGR arising from aquaculture activities and future development. Finally, we discuss the challenge of strengthening local capacity. The enhancement of local capacity is essential because it will enable the fundamental link required to achieve the desired outcome of increasing the productivity of aquatic animals for food in Africa in a sustainable manner. We trust that this paper will provide a good basis for an in-depth discussion of the subject, as well as guidance on future research and development priorities for the compatible exploitation and conservation of FiGR in Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Aquaculture; Conservation; Research; Tilapia

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Hüsken, S.M.C.; Heck, S. ( 2012 ) The 'Fish Trader+' model: reducing female traders' vulnerability to HIV. ISSN 1608-5906.
African Journal of AIDS Research 11(1): 17-26.
Analysis from research and practice in Africa shows that fishing communities are hardly reached by HIV-related services, education, and business services, partly because of the efforts and costs involved and a lack of good practice in reaching out to these often remote areas. At the same time, fish traders, especially women, travel regularly to remote fishing camps to purchase fish. Although female fish traders may be exposed to HIV, violence and abuse in their interactions and relationships with fishermen, economic necessity keeps them in this trade. Good health among fisherfolk is a basic mainstay of productive and sustainable fisheries, providing food and income to fishing communities and the nation at large. However, these benefits are severely at risk as per-capita fish supplies in several African countries are declining, and fisherfolk are among the populations most vulnerable to HIV and AIDS. Under the regional programme ‘Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in sustainable solutions,’ the WorldFish Center conducted a socioeconomic assessment in the Kafue Flats fishery in Zambia to identify factors related to HIV/AIDS vulnerability among people in the fishing communities, particularly female fish traders. The study identified a variety of factors, hence the ‘Fish Trader+’ model of intervention was developed to reduce female fish traders’ vulnerability to HIV by building on their economic rationale through the formation of savings groups. This article outlines the implementation of the Fish Trader+ model in Zambia and examines its potential to empower female fish traders so as to reduce poverty and vulnerability to HIV in fishing communities.
Subject Descriptors: Gender; Health; Fisheries

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(Publication Type: Proceedings)
Mills, D.J.; Mutimukuru-Maravanyika, T.; Ameyaw, G.; Asare, C. ( 2012 ) Ghana coastal fisheries governance dialogue: Presentations, discussions and outcomes from a stakeholder forum on issues for reforming governance of Ghana’s coastal fisheries.
WorldFish Center; USAID H n Mpoano Initiative, Ghana. 57 pp.
This meeting, the second national Fisheries Governance Dialogue, aimed to help stakeholders in the fisheries sector generate a shared understanding of critical lessons and pathways for fisheries co-management success in Ghana. This was a direct response to the call from both fisheries communities and the government of Ghana for a radical change from the way fisheries resources are currently being managed. The meeting was attended by 60 men and women from stakeholder organizations and communities, and commenced with presentations on co-management experiences from local, regional and international participants. This was followed by panel discussions to extract lessons that specifically related to successfully implementing co-management in Ghana’s fisheries. Finally, breakout groups addressed in greater detail some issues of importance to fisheries governance reform in Ghana. While fisheries co-management is not a new concept in Ghana, participants heard that previous attempts to initiate these systems proved unsustainable. A number of lessons were drawn from these past experiences.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Fishery management

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CGIAR WP #23 (Publication Type: Working Paper)
Thornton, P.; Cramer, L. (eds.) ( 2012 ) Impacts of climate change on the agricultural and aquatic systems and natural resources within CGIAR's mandate.
CCAFS Working Paper 23. Copenhagen, Denmark: CCAFS.
The document attempts to distil what is currently known about the likely impacts of climate change on the commodities and natural resources that comprise the mandate of CGIAR and its 15 Centres. It was designed as one background document for a review carried out by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) at the behest of the UN Committee on World Food Security (CFS) on what is known about the likely effects of climate change on food security and nutrition, with a focus on the most affected and vulnerable regions and populations. A total of 25 summaries covering 22 agricultural commodities, agroforestry, forests and water resources, present information on the importance of each commodity for food and nutrition security globally, the biological vulnerability of the commodity or natural resource to climate change, and what is known about the likely socio- economic vulnerability of populations dependent partially or wholly on the commodity or natural resource. With a few exceptions, the likely impacts of climate change on key staples and natural resources in developing countries in the coming decades are not understood in any great depth. There are many uncertainties as to how changes in temperature, rainfall and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will interact in relation to agricultural productivity; the resultant changes in the incidence, intensity and spatial distribution of important weeds, pests and diseases are largely unknown; and the impacts of climate change and increases in climate variability on agricultural systems and natural-resource-dependent households, as well as on food security and the future vulnerability of already hungry people in the tropics and subtropics, are still largely a closed book. CGIAR along with many other partners is involved in a considerable amount of research activity to throw light on these issues.
Subject Descriptors: Climate change; Food security; Agricultural products; Adaptation; Agroforestry; Water resources; Aquaculture; Fisheries; Livestock and fish

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(Publication Type: Proceedings Paper (Refereed))
Phillips, M.; Collis, W.; Demaine, H.; Flores-Nava, A.; Gautier, D.; Hough, C.; Luu, L.T.; Merican, Z.; Padiya, P.A.; Palmer, R.; Pant, J.; Pickering, T.; Secretan, P.; Umesh, N.R. ( 2012 ) Servicing the aquaculture sector: role of state and private sectors.
p. 627-642. In: Subasinghe, R.R.; Arthur, J.R.; Bartley, D.M.; De Silva, S.S.; Halwart, M.; Hishamunda, N.; Mohan, C.V.; Sorgeloos, P. (eds.) Farming the waters for people and food. Proceedings of the Globlal Conference on Aquaculture 2010. Phuket, Thailand. 22-25 September 2010. FAO, Rome and NACA, Bangkok.
This paper was prepared by a group of authors of complementary experiences and presented during the Thematic Session V: Improving knowledge and information sharing, research and extension in aquaculture at the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Farming the Waters for People and Food held in Phuket, Thailand on 22–25 September 2010. The paper, which draws particularly on experiences in Asia, the Pacific and Europe, reviews the role of aquaculture services, recent changes in requirements and delivery of services, and future opportunities and needs, with special reference to roles and responsibilities of state and private sectors. It concludes with recommendations drawn from the discussions at the conference, where the importance of investment in services across the sector was emphasized, noting the particular significance of equitable service delivery to smaller aquaculture enterprises in developing countries, including emerging aquaculture countries in Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Development

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SH207 R4 C45 2012 (Publication Type: Project Report)
Chiwaula, L.; Jamu, D.; Chaweza, R.; Nagoli, J. ( 2012 ) The Structure and margins of the Lake Chilwa fisheries in Malawi: a value chain analysis. ISBN 978-983-2346-81-4.
Project Report 2012-12. The WorldFish Center. Penang, Malaysia. 34 pp.
Small freshwater pelagic fisheries in closed lakes are very important to millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa providing livelihoods and nutritional security. However, returns from these fisheries have been shown to uctuate in response to climatic variability. In order to understand the impact of these fluctuations on the livelihoods of people dependant on these fisheries, there is a need for information on how the fish value chain is organized and how it functions in response to variation in supplies. The results will feed into strategies that build resilience in fishing households against the uncertainties arising from unstable ecosystems. The Lake Chilwa fishery value chain is composed of fishers, processors, traders, fish transporters, boat owners, owners of fish processing shades, fisheries associations, gear owners, gear makers, firewood sellers, and traders of fishing gear and equipment. The value chain employs many people and local authorities can consider using this information in the design of rural development strategies for employment generation in small-scale fishing communities. The findings from this study have a number of implications for the improvement of the livelihood of fishers and enhancing their capacity to mitigate against the effects of climate change.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Value chain; Food security; Lake fisheries; Climatic change

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Morand, P.; Kodio, A.; Andrew, N.; Sinaba, F.; Lemoalle, J.; Béné, C. ( 2012 ) Vulnerability and adaptation of African rural populations to hydro-climate change: experience from fishing communities in the Inner Niger Delta (Mali) ISSN 0165-0009.
Climatic Change 115(3-4): 463-483.
In this paper we examine ways Sahelian floodplain fishers have adapted to the strong environmental variations that have affected the region in the last two decades. We analyse their vulnerability and adaptive capacity in the face of expected changes in rainfall combined with the predicted effects of dam construction. Data from the Inner Niger Delta in Mali were used to show that fishers were highly sensitive to past and recent variations in the hydro-climatic conditions. Moreover, it appears their traditional livelihood strategies, although diversified, sophisticated and well suited to historical conditions, offer a limited set of options to adapt to increased environmental constraints. For fish-dependent households that have adopted a mixed set of activities through farming, the high seasonality and constraints characterizing both their main activities (fishing and farming) does not allow switching between activities. For those households that undertake seasonal fishing migrations, there is little opportunity to modify migration routes or find new settlements sites inside the delta because of the high population density in this area. In sum, although the adoption of diversified and spatially discrete patterns in livelihood activities is often presented as a strategy to reduce vulnerability, such a strategy does not appear sufficient to allow fishers of the delta to successfully face the increasing constraints associated with the changes in hydro-climatic conditions. In such a context, fishing communities will be driven towards more drastic strategies of adaptation and/or coping such as switching to new activities based on agricultural innovations or emigration from the delta. Both strategies present many hazards, particularly in the absence of supportive public policy.
Subject Descriptors: Climatic change; Fisheries; Flood plains; Fishermen

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(Publication Type: Proceedings)
Curtis, L.; Beveridge, M.; El-Gamal, A.R.; Mannini, P. (eds.) ( 2011 ) Adapting to climate change: the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture in the Near East and North Africa region: Workshop Proceedings: FAO/WorldFish workshop, Abbassa, Egypt. 10-12 Nov 2009. ISBN 978-92-5-106822-9.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular; no. 1066.
This project was initiated by FAO in order to address how the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture can be used to address the impacts of climate change to fisheries and aquaculture in the Near East and North Africa Region (RNEA). This document provides suggestions and recommendations made by the experts regarding the adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture that are considered to be important in helping adapt to climate change in the region. It also contains five technical review papers (climate change, the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries, the ecosystem-based approach to aquaculture, climate change and fisheries, and climate change and aquaculture) and four subregional reviews (Mauritania/Morocco, Mediterranean, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman) prepared as background material to the workshop. The report was prepared by the workshop secretariat.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Climatic change

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Njaya, F.; Donda, S.; Béné, C. ( 2011 ) Analysis of power in fisheries co-management: experiences from Malawi.
Society and Natural Resources [online first]
In this article we analyze co-management arrangements in Malawi through the lenses of the concept of power. We focus the analysis at the local level where most of the more important actors operate. These include the fishing communities and the Department of Fisheries, but also the traditional leaders and the new local management entities created through co-management reforms—the so-called beach village committees. Our analysis, based on decentralization and power frameworks, shows that co-management arrangements are characterized by unequal power distribution among these different actors, often resulting in the marginalization of the fishers themselves. In this new institutional landscape the role of the perceived key partners including the traditional leaders and the Department of Fisheries remains unclear, with a combination of both positive and negative outcomes.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management

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(Publication Type: Factsheet)
CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems. ( 2011 ) Aquatic agricultural systems in Zambia.
Penang, Malaysia. Factsheet 2011-56.
Zambia contains 40% of Southern Africa’s surface freshwater and seasonally almost 20% of the country (150,000 km²) is inundated. Zambia’s rivers, lakes and wetlands support extensive agriculture, fisheries and livestock production, and contribute to the livelihoods of about 3 million people, almost 25% of the country’s population. These aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) are particularly important to poor people and provide significant opportunities for agriculture-based economic growth.
Subject Descriptors: AAS

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Pomeroy, R.S.; Cinner, J.E.; Nielsen, J.R. ( 2011 ) Conditions for successful co-management: lessons learned in Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. ISBN 978-1-84593-607-5.
p. 115-131. In: Pomeroy, R.S. ; Andrew, N.L. (eds.) Small-scale fisheries management: frameworks and approaches for the developing world. Cabi, UK. 247 p.
The purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss key conditions for the successful implementation of fisheries and coastal co-management identified in South-east Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. These four regions were selected as several recent research and development projects have produced outputs in which key conditions have been identified. The conditions are reported on a regional basis not for a specific country, as this is how the authors have presented their results. It is expected that specific conditions would differ by country. These conditions will embrace the wide range of aspects that can affect the implementation and performance of co-management and activities, from resources and fisheries to cultural and institutional dimensions. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of policy implications for fisheries and coastal co-management.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management

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SH207 R4 #2011-09 (Publication Type: Workshop Report)
Badjeck, M.C.; Katikiro, R.E.; Flitner, M.; Diop, N.; Schwerdtner Máñez, K. ( 2011 ) Envisioning 2050: climate change, aquaculture and fisheries in West Africa. Dakar, Senegal 14-16 April 2010.
Workshop report no. 2011-09. Penang/Bremen: WorldFish/ZMT. 27 p.
This report presents the activities and results of the workshop Envisioning 2050: Climate Change, Aquaculture and Fisheries in West Africa. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss critical issues and uncertainties faced by the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Ghana, Senegal and Mauritania, build sectoral scenarios for 2050 and discuss the implication of these scenarios in the context of climate change for the countries and the region.
Subject Descriptors: Climatic change; Fisheries

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Evans, L.S.; Brown, K.; Allison, E.H. ( 2011 ) Factors influencing adaptive marine governance in a developing country context: a case study of Southern Kenya. ISSN 1708-3087.
Ecology and Society 16(2) online.
Adaptive governance can be conceptualized as distinct phases of: 1) understanding environmental change; 2) using this understanding to inform decision making; and 3) acting on decisions in a manner that sustains resilience of desirable system states. Using this analytical framework, we explore governance in practice in two case studies in Kenya, that reflect the “messiness” of contemporary coastal governance in many developing country contexts. Findings suggest that adaptive marine governance is unlikely to be a smooth process of learning, knowledge sharing, and responding. There are institutional, sociocultural, and political factors, past and present, that influence each phase of both local and state decision making. New local institutions related to fisher associations and Beach Management Units influence learning and knowledge sharing in ways contrary to those expected of institutions that enable collaborative fisheries management. Similarly, state decision making is relatively uninformed by the diverse knowledge systems available in the coastal zone, despite the rhetoric of participation. Historical relations and modes of working continue to play a significant role in mediating the potential for adaptive governance in the future. The case studies are illustrative and point to a number of institutional and political issues that would need to be addressed in processes of governance reform towards more adaptive management in developing country contexts
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Ocean policy; Developing countries

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(Publication Type: Flyer)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2011 ) Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: investing in sustainable solutions.
Excerpt from WorldFish project report 1977. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 2 p.
The programme is assessing key risk factors among highly vulnerable target groups, including female fish traders, migrant fisher folk and youth, through surveys and par ticipatory qualitative research. Based on insights from this research, programme par tners are piloting business-based interventions that will address some of these risk factors such as lack of services in remote fishing camps and transactional sex in the context of fish marketing. These pilot interventions will generate viable business models and options for wider support to the fisheries sector.

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SH207 B7 #2011-32 (Publication Type: Issues Brief)
Weeratunge-Starkloff, N.; Pant, J. ( 2011 ) Gender and aquaculture: sharing the benefits equitably.
Issues brief 2011-32. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 12 p.
Aquaculture is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the world; it can meet both the food security and cash needs of poor households in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Women’s involvement in aquaculture is more significant than often assumed. In many developing countries formal statistics often overlook the nature and extent of their vital contribution. Research on gender and aquaculture at the WorldFish Center identifies five key themes for consideration. 1) Market, trade and migration 2)Capabilities and well being 3)Identities and networks 4)Governance and rights 5)Climate change, disaster and resilience.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Women

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SH207 M3 #2011-30 (Publication Type: Manual)
Renn, S.; Weirowski, F. ( 2011 ) Guidelines for fish production in long term refugee situations in Africa.
Manual. 2011-30. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 44 p.
These guidelines provide general advice on potential benefits and implications of promoting aquaculture in refugee settlements and local host communities, specifically in Africa. In particular, they seek to highlight issues critical for translating aquaculture support in refugee situations into sustainable benefits for target populations. Aquaculture can help improve food and nutrition security and contribute to household incomes among refugees and neighbouring communities in sites with viable supplies of inputs (seed and feed) and service provisioning (training and technical extension).

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(Publication Type: Non refereed Conference-Symposium Proceedings (Abstract))
Alam, M.J.; Saha, S.B.; Barman, B.K. ( 2011 ) Integrated aqua-agricultural production systems in the brackish water zones of Bangladesh.
The 3rd International Forum on Water and Food. Tshwane, South Africa. CGIAR Challenge Program on Water & Food.
Surveys of exiting farming systems and a series of on-farm trials, conducted under PN10 project of CPWF in Phase 1 revealed that improved technologies could greatly enhance the productivity, reduce crop-shrimp farming conflicts in the existing rice-shrimp system in brackish water zones of Bangladesh. Growing Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), together with timely stocking of prawn in the HYV rice field increased farmers’ income by 300-400% compared with the existing farming systems.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Flood plains; Brackishwater aquaculture; Brackish water

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Njayaa, F.; Snyder, K.A.; Jamu D.; Wilson, J.; Howard-Williams, C.; Allison, E.H.; Andrew, N.L. ( 2011 ) The natural history and fisheries ecology of Lake Chilwa, southern Malawi. ISSN 0380-1330.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 37(S1): 15-25.
Lake Chilwa produces between zero and 24,000 metric tons of fish per year, making it one of the most productive but variable lakes in Africa. The size of the lake varies seasonally and among years, sometimes drying completely. Its surrounding wetland and floodplain provide habitat for a diversity of birds and economically valuable grasses and reeds. When the lake has water, there is considerable activity on its shores and temporary fishing villages spring up. People move in and out of the lake basin in concert with these seasonal and longer term changes. This paper examines the environmental dynamics of Lake Chilwa and its surrounding wetlands, presents an overview of the socio-economic context of the area and discusses threats to this resilient system that might occur as a result of climate change. We conclude that management of Lake Chilwa must place the lake in the wider economic and ecological system in which it is situated. Ultimately, land-use practices within the basin present more of a threat to the resilience of the fishery and people's livelihoods than overfishing or a strict focus on the lake's resources. These perspectives present significant challenges to conventional fisheries governance.
Subject Descriptors: Lake fisheries; Environments; Socioeconomic aspects

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Kabahenda, M.K.; Amega, R.; Okalany, E.; Husken, S.M.C.; Heck, S. ( 2011 ) Protein and micronutrient composition of low value fish products commonly marketed in the Lake Victoria region. ISSN 1817-3047.
World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7(5): 521-526.
Increase in demand of fish from Lake Victoria region has created gaps in local fish supplies and this raises concern since there are reports of limited animal-source food consumption plus protein and micronutrients deficiencies in this region. To fill the gap, less-preferred pelagic fish species such as Mukene (Rastreneobola argentea) and by-products from filleting Nile perch (Lates niloticus), which were commonly used for animal feeds, are increasingly being minimally processed and marketed for direct human consumption. These fish products constitute what has been termed as ‘low-value fish products’. This study was carried out to assess the nutrient content of low-value fish products (LVFPs) so as to document their potential contribution to protein and micronutrient intake of individuals who depend on these products as their major animal source food. Commonly marketed samples of fresh, smoked, deep fried and sun-dried Nile perch by-products and mukene were collected from factories, by-product processing sites and markets to determine their nutrient contents.
Subject Descriptors: Nutritive value; Nutrition; Food fish; Pelagic fish; Fish utilization

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(Publication Type: Non refereed Conference-Symposium Proceedings (Abstract))
Collis, W.; Sultana, P.; Barman, B.K.; Thompson, P. ( 2011 ) Scaling out enhanced floodplain productivity by poor communities: aquaculture and fisheries in Bangladesh.
The 3rd International Forum on Water and Food. Tshwane, South Africa. CGIAR Challenge Program on Water & Food.
Private lands in floodplains are vital components of inland natural fisheries but they are increasingly converted to culture-based systems. This raises fish productivity but can adversely affect the poor and biodiversity. Poor rural households can work together using innovative technologies to optimize overall seasonal floodplain productivity incorporating culture-based systems and/or by conserving natural fish, but this needs equitable institutions (floodplain committees) set up by the community to balance the interests of landless and landowners.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Flood plains

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(Publication Type: Non refereed Conference-Symposium Proceedings (Abstract))
Sultana, P.; Barman, B.K.; Thompson, P.; Collis, W. ( 2011 ) Scaling out enhanced floodplain productivity by poor communities: aquaculture and fisheries in Bangladesh and eastern India.
The 3rd International Forum on Water and Food. Tshwane, South Africa. CGIAR Challenge Program on Water & Food.
Rearing fish in seasonal floodplains raises productivity but can adversely affect the poor and the biodiversity of important natural fisheries. Equitable community institutions enable poor rural households to cooperate with landowners and adopt innovative technologies to optimize seasonal floodplain productivity by cultivating fish and/or by conserving natural fish.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Flood plains

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Macuiane, M.; Kaunda, E.K.W.; Jamu, D.M. ( 2011 ) Seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical characteristics and biological responses of Lake Chilwa, Southern Africa.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 37(S1): 75-82.
Lake Chilwa is shared by Malawi and Mozambique, it supports an important fishery and its watershed is undergoing rapid population growth and increasing utilization for agricultural production. It is a shallow, closed basin lake with extensive surrounding wetlands; and it has suffered several desiccation events in the last century. To better understand the current condition of the lake, we monitored a suite of physical, chemical and biological parameters at approximately monthly intervals over an annual cycle in 2004–2005. The limnology of the lake was extremely sensitive to seasonal changes in the lake's seasonal hydrological cycle. The physico-chemical parameters, temperature, electrical conductivity, and total suspended solids exhibited clear seasonal patterns driven by the highly seasonal rainfall and resultant lake levels. In response, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, as well as biologically dependent oxygen concentrations and pH, exhibited several maxima levels over the year. The peaks of phytoplankton and zooplankton were out of phase suggesting a lag in the zooplankton grazing in response to pulses in primary productivity. Chlorophyll concentrations can exceed 1 mg/L in surface waters indicative of hypereutrophic conditions, but they fell dramatically during zooplankton peaks. This hydrologically driven, shallow and mesohaline lake is a productive and critical resource to the region. Its management poses challenges arising from the dependence of its limnology and fishery on the lakes hydrology, catchment land use and climate variability.
Subject Descriptors: Climatic change; Lakes; Freshwater ecology; Fishery limnology

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
de Graaf, G.J.; Grainger, R.J.R.; Westlund, L.; Willmann, R.; Mills, D.; Kelleher, K.; Koranteng, K. ( 2011 ) The status of routine fishery data collection in Southeast Asia, central America, the South Pacific, and West Africa, with special reference to small-scale fisheries. ISSN 1054-3139.
ICES Journal of Marine Science 68(8): 1743-1750.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) strategy for improving information on the status and trends of capture fisheries (FAO Strategy STF) was endorsed by Member States and the UN General Assembly in 2003. Its overall objective is to provide a framework, strategy, and plan to improve knowledge and understanding of the status and trends of fisheries as a basis for policy-making and management, towards conservation and sustainable use of resources within ecosystems. The FAO supports the implementation of FAO Strategy STF in developing countries through a project known as FAO FishCode–STF, and an initiative funded by the World Bank entitled the "BigNumbers project". The BigNumbers project underscored the importance of small-scale fisheries and revealed that catches by and employment in this sector tend to be underreported. An inventory of data collection systems made under the FAO FishCode–STF project showed that small-scale fisheries are not well covered. Their dispersed nature, the weak institutional capacity in many developing countries, and the traditional methods used make routine data collection cumbersome. Innovative sampling strategies are required. The main priority is a sample frame for small-scale fisheries. Sustainable strategies are most likely to be found outside the sector through population and agricultural household censuses and inside the sector through the direct involvement of fishers.

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(Publication Type: Project Flyer)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2011 ) Sub-Saharan fish trade and nutrition in a changing climate.
Project Flyer 2011-60. The WorldFish Center. Penang, Malaysia.
There is an increasing ‘fish gap’ in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where fish supplies have failed to keep pace with the region’s growing demand. Despite the high dependence on fish for nutrition in much of the region, consumption is currently half the global average and declining. In SSA, as in many other regions globally, marine and inland capture fisheries resources are stagnating or decreasing, largely due to environmental or ecosystem changes and over-exploitation. Climate change is already altering the distribution of fish stocks and rainfall patterns upon which these fisheries depend. At the same time, globalization has favoured developing country exports of high-value fish.
Subject Descriptors: Climate change

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Béné, C.; Evans, L.; Mills, D.; Ovie, S.; Raji, A.; Tafida, A.; Kodio, A.; Sinaba, F.; Morand, P.; Lemoalle, J.; Andrew, N. WorldFish Center, Penang; Nigerian Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute; Institute d'Economie Rurale, Mali; Institut de Recherche pour ;e Development, IRD, France. ( 2011 ) Testing resilience thinking in a poverty context: experience from the Niger River basin. ISSN 0959-3780.
Global Environmental Change 21(4): 1173-1184.
Resilience thinking is an important addition to the range of frameworks and approaches that can be used to understand and manage complex social–ecological systems like small-scale fisheries. However, it is yet to lead to better environmental or development outcomes for fisheries stakeholders in terms of food security, improved livelihoods and ecological sustainability. This paper takes an empirical approach by focusing on the fundamentals of resilience thinking to evaluate its usefulness in developing relevant management interventions in small-scale fisheries in the Niger River Basin in West Africa. The paper presents the outputs of a participatory assessment exercise where both fishery communities and local experts were involved at two different scales. The resilience frame used was designed to facilitate the identification of socially defined thresholds that help delineate the desirability of the current system configuration and provides a diagnosis framework that tailors management solutions to problems in local context. The analysis highlights some key contributions from resilience thinking to the challenge of diagnosis in small-scale fisheries management in developing countries, as well as important contributions that emerge from taking a pragmatic and critical approach to its application.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Artisanal fishery

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(Publication Type: Workshop Report)
Badjeck, M.C.; Katikiro, R.E.; Flitner, M.; Diop, N.; Schwerdtner Máñez, K. ( 2011 ) Vision 2050: changement climatique, pêche et aquaculture en Afrique de l’Ouest Du 14 au 16 avril 2010, Dakar, Sénégal.
Rapport d’atelier No. 2011-10. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 28 p.
Ce rapport présente les activités et les résultats de l’atelier Vision 2050: Changement climatique, pêche et aquaculture en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les objectifs de l’atelier étaient de discuter les questions critiques et les incertitudes auxquelles est confronté le secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture au Ghana, au Sénégal et en Mauritanie, d’élaborer des scénarios sectoriels pour 2050 et de discuter de l’implication de ces scénarios dans le contexte du changement climatique pour ces pays et la région ouest africaine.
Subject Descriptors: Climate change; Fisheries; Aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Lessons Learned)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2010 ) Adaptation of floodplain fishing communities to hydro-climatic changes in the Niger basin: lessons learned.
Lesson learned 2104. The Worldfish Center, Penang. 8 p.
The river floodplain ecosystems of the Sahelian region have recently undergone two major hydrological changes: (i) increased interannual variation in rainfall and (ii) a steep reduction of flood peaks and floodplain inundation following the construction of a number of dams and increased water abstraction. Fishers have little freedom of movement within the delta to help them cope with environmental changes. The only new opportunities are those offered by new reservoirs. Most fisherfolk farm traditional rice as a secondary activity, but farming cannot replace fishing, which brings in steady, substantial cash income for much of the year. Fishing and rice farming are complementary, but fishers cannot shift completely from one to the other. Although migration and diversification are often presented as strategies to reduce vulnerability, recent data from the Inner Niger Delta demonstrates that these strategies alone are insufficient to cope with the worsening constraints that come with changes in hydro-climatic conditions.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Climatic changes; Dams

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(Publication Type: Article)
Mannini, P.; Beveridge, M.; Curtis, L. ( 2010 ) Adapting to climate change: the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture in the Near East and North Africa region.
FAO Aquaculture Newsletter No. 45 : 14-15.
The FAO/WorldFish Center Workshop on Adapting to Climate Change: the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Near East and North Africa took place in November, 2009 to identify and address the impacts created by climate change in the region, and how the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) and Aquaculture (EAA) can be utilized for the management and adaptation of fisheries and aquaculture in the face of these impacts. The workshop was structured through working group sessions divided into three main topic areas, namely: a) identifying climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture; b) identifying adaptation/ management strategies for priority impacts/issues; and c) understanding regional and sub-regional capacities for the implementation of adaptation strategies.

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Kalunga Mawazo, B.; Ngoy Mwana, A.; Nkulu Kamuyele, K.; Mutala, S.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2010 ) Analysis of socio-economic factors and vulnerability of fishermen and female fish traders to HIV/AIDS in fishing camps in the Kasenga-Luapula-Moero region, Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo: final report.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. Project Report 1984. WorldFish Center, Penang. 38 p.
This report present the matrix and foundation of the study conducted in Katanga, based on the assumption that communities of fishermen in the Kasenga – Luapula – Moero area are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS due to a mix of several socio-economic factors and the presence of female fish traders in the fishing areas (fishing camps). The present study targeted all the fishing areas extending from Kasenga city through Luapula River to Lake Moero The present study seeks to identify socio-economic factors which are the root causes of the vulnerability of fishermen and female fish traders to HIV/AIDS in the fishing camps. From this perspective, an appropriate intervention will be developed and applied to the Kasenga – Luapula – Moero region with a view to reducing vulnerability factors to HIV/AIDS. Finally, the research team will make recommendations on the implementation of a pilot project geared towards protecting female fish traders and improving their living conditions with regard to their health and business.
Subject Descriptors: Nutritive value; Socioeconomic aspects; Fisheries; Research; AIDS

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(Publication Type: Project report)
Lungu, A.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2010 ) Assessment of access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats, Zambia: analysis report.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. Project report. The WorldFish Center, Zambia. 47 p.
Under the regional programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions, the WorldFish Center conducted this study on access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats floodplains in Zambia. This report outlines and analyses the particular vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery and formulates recommendations to facilitate stakeholder uptake of strategic responses to tackle the drivers of the epidemic in fishing communities and improve the livelihoods of fisher folk and fish traders in the Kafue Flats and other fisheries in Zambia.
Subject Descriptors: Women; Fishermen; Trade; Vulnerability; Viral diseases

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(Publication Type: Working paper)
Russell, A.J.M.; Coulibaly, S. ( 2010 ) Assessment of potential mare stocking impacts on resource access rights and livelihoods in Komio village, Niger River Delta, Mali.
CBFC Working paper no. 2. WorldFish Center, Penang. 42 p.
Draft copy.
The Community-based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains and Irrigation Systems (CBFC) project is a five year research project supported by the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), with the aim of increasing productivity of seasonally occurring water bodies through aquaculture. The project has been implemented in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Mali and Vietnam, where technical and institutional options for community based aquaculture have been tested. The project began in 2005 and was completed in March 2010. In the context of the CP-35 project, this visit follows up on a preliminary assessment of livelihoods and institutions in Komio village, Mali conducted by consultants Joffre and Lajaunie. The objective of the visit was to determine how stocking mares around Komio village may impact livelihoods and access rights to aquatic resources. Additional insights were gained from the governance experiences and livelihood impacts of village irrigation schemes (PIVs).
Subject Descriptors: Fishing rights; River fisheries; Livelihoods

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Banda Nyirenda, D.; Sampa, M.; Husken, S.M.C. ( 2010 ) Baseline study: nutritional status, food security and fish consumption among people living with HIV/AIDS in Zambia.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. Project report. The WorldFish Center. 62 p.
This project report is funded by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Under the regional programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa, the University of Zambia, in collaboration with the WorldFish Center, has undertaken a baseline survey of the nutritional status and fish consumption of people living with HIV/AIDS in Zambia. Factors examined include household composition, education level, livelihood strategies, household food security, asset ownership, common ailments, sources of medication, the reason why children died, consumption of fish and other animal source foods, and level of nutrition education.

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SH207 R4 B54 2010 (Publication Type: Report)
Dugan, P.; Delaporte, A.; Andrew, N.; O'Keefe, M.; Welcomme,R. UNEP; The WorldFish Center. ( 2010 ) Blue harvest: inland fisheries as an ecosystem service. ISBN 9789280731125.
The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 63 p.
Global food production has increased greatly in recent years and rural livelihoods are much improved in many regions. Yet, despite this clear progress rural poverty and food insecurity remain deeply entrenched in many areas, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In response the international community has renewed calls for increased commitment to meeting the needs of the world's poor. This report, commissioned as a contribution to the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity taking place in Nagoya, Japan, not only underlines the value of freshwater fisheries but provides guidance on how the ecosystem approach can be applied in order to sustain future harvests.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Nutrition; Food security; Sustainability; Ecosystems

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(Publication Type: Briefing Note)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2010 ) Cage aquaculture in Malawi.
Briefing note no. 2119. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 4 p.
This briefing note summarizes the current status of the cage aquaculture industry in Malawi, development opportunities, and economic social and environmental concerns that need to be addressed to ensure sustainability of the industry.

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Witt, R.; Pemsl, D.E.; Waibel, H. ( 2010 ) Collecting data for poverty and vulnerability assessment in remote areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. ISSN 0714-0045.
Survey Methodology 36(2): 217-222.
Data collection for poverty assessments in Africa is time consuming, expensive and can be subject to numerous constraints. In this paper we present a procedure to collect data from poor households involved in small-scale inland fisheries as well as agricultural activities. A sampling scheme has been developed that captures the heterogeneity in ecological conditions and the seasonality of livelihood options. Sampling includes a three point panel survey of 300 households. The respondents belong to four different ethnic groups randomly chosen from three strata, each representing a different ecological zone. In the first part of the paper some background information is given on the objectives of the research, the study site and survey design, which were guiding the data collection process. The second part of the paper discusses the typical constraints that are hampering empirical work in Sub-Saharan Africa, and shows how different challenges have been resolved. These lessons could guide researchers in designing appropriate socio-economic surveys in comparable settings.
Subject Descriptors: Surveys; Data collections; Inland fisheries; Household statistics

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SH207 M3 M84 2010 (Publication Type: Manual)
Mthetwa, V.C. ( 2010 ) The fish trader+ model: a guide for implementation.
The WorldFish Center, Zambia. 50 p.
This guide was produced by the WorldFish Center and the FAO, with financial assistance from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The WorldFish Center, in partnership with FAO, is implementing the regional programme "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: investing in sustainable solutions". This programme aims at strengthening the capacity in the region to develop sustainable solutions to enhance the contributions of fish and fisheries to economic and human development. In particular, the programme is building a strategic response to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector that will generate benefits for vulnerable groups in wider society. Under the Zambia component of this regional programme, research for development activities took place in the Kafue Flats fishery. This guide is one of the technical outputs, providing practical steps to implementing organisations working to improve the well-being of fisher men and fish traders in Zambia and beyond.
Subject Descriptors: Fishermen; Trade; Women; Economic analysis; Public health; Human diseases; Manuals

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(Publication Type: Bibliography)
Katikiro, R.; Schwerdtner Máñez, K.; Flitner, M.; Badjeck, M.C. ( 2010 ) Fisheries production systems, climate change and climate variability in West Africa: an annotated bibliography.
The Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany ; The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 62 p.
This bibliography is intended for people who are involved in fisheries, aquaculture, climate change, disaster management and policy development in West Africa or interested in one or more of these issues. The literature in this bibliography includes peer-reviewed journals, books and book chapters, grey reports and institutional technical papers, but is restricted to literature in English. Each citation also includes an abstract. They were gathered through an extensive web search using fisheries, fish, coastal, inland, aquaculture and/or in combination with climate change and impacts, climate variability, specific country names, West Africa and Gulf of Guinea as the main keywords.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Climatic change; Aquaculture; Inland fisheries; Bibliographies; Disasters

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Badjeck, M.C.; Diop, N. ( 2010 ) The future is now: how scenarios can help Senegalese and Mauritanian fisheries adapt to climate change.
Nature & Faune 25(1): 62-68.
Localized changes in the productivity of marine and inland waters induced by climate change will pose new challenges to the fishery and the aquaculture sectors in West Africa. However, climate change does not occur in isolation of other drivers of change: processes of environmental, economic and social change can affect the fishery sector, potentially creating additional vulnerability to climate change. Scenarios are a useful tool to explore uncertainties and understand non-climatic drivers of change. Despite their prevalence in global environmental change research, few have focused on the fisheries sector. This article presents the construction of fisheries sector scenarios for Senegal and Mauritania required for the analysis of climate change adaptation policies.
Subject Descriptors: Climate changes; Artisanal fishing

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Weeratunge, N.; Snyder, K.A.; Choo, P.S. ( 2010 ) Gleaner, fisher, trader, processor: understanding gendered employment in fisheries and aquaculture. ISSN 1467-2960.
Fish and Fisheries 11(4):405–420.
Most research on gender difference or inequities in capture fisheries and aquaculture in Africa and the Asia-Pacific focuses on the gender division of labour. Emerging research on globalization, market changes, poverty and trends in gendered employment within this sector reveals the need to move beyond this narrow perspective. If gleaning and post-harvesting activities were enumerated, the fisheries and aquaculture sector might well turn out to be female sphere. A livelihoods approach better enables an understanding of how employment in this sector is embedded in other social, cultural, economic, political and ecological structures and processes that shape gender inequities and how these might be reduced. We focus on four thematic areas - markets and migration, capabilities and well-being, networks and identities, governance and rights - as analytical entry points. These also provide a framework to identify research gaps and generate a comparative understanding of the impact of development processes and socioecological changes, including issues of climate change, adaptation and resilience, on gendered employment. Without an adequate analysis of gender, fisheries management and development policies may have negative effects on people’s livelihoods, well-being and the environment they depend on, or fail altogether to achieve intended outcomes.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Female; Women; Gender; Fishery development

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Dey, M.M.; Paraguas, F.J.; Kambewa, P.; Pemsl, D.E. ( 2010 ) The impact of integrated aquaculture-agriculture on small-scale farms in Southern Malawi. ISSN 0169-5150.
Agricultural Economics 41(1): 67-79.
Sustainable agricultural intensification is an urgent challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa. One potential solution is to rely on local farmers’ knowledge for improved management of diverse on-farm resources and integration among various farm enterprises. In this article, we analyze the farm-level impact of one recent example, namely the integrated aquaculture–agriculture (IAA) technologies that have been developed and disseminated in a participatory manner in Malawi. Based on a 2004 survey of 315 respondents (166 adopters and 149 nonadopters), we test the hypothesis that adoption of IAA is associated with improved farm productivity and more efficient use of resources. Estimating a technical inefficiency function shows that IAA farms were significantly more efficient compared to nonadopters. IAA farms also had higher total factor productivity, higher farm income per hectare, and higher returns to family labor.
Subject Descriptors: Agropisciculture; Livelihoods

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(Publication Type: Policy Brief)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2010 ) Implementing resilience management: lessons from fishing communities in the Niger basin.
Policy brief 2103. The Worldfish Center, Penang. 8 p.
Small inland fisheries are important to the livelihoods of the poor in Africa, contributing both food security and income to millions of households living near freshwater lakes, reservoirs, rivers and floodplains. These inland fisheries have complex exploitation systems with large numbers of fishers operating in the informal sector. These systems are highly vulnerable to external disturbance, making them extremely difficult to assess and manage. As resilience management is a way to strengthen systems’ ability to absorb perturbations and shocks while coping with uncertainty and risks, it has potential use in managing small fisheries. Recent research conducted on the shores of the Lake Kainji in Nigeria and in the Inner Niger Delta in Mali confirms that, when considered pragmatically, the concept of resilience provides a useful framework to identify and implement appropriate interventions to reduce fishing communities’ vulnerability to shocks and threats. The resilience of a fishery is not exclusively related to the status of the resource. Where fishing communities are especially destitute, interventions need to prioritize communities’ basic needs, thereby allowing them to turn their attention to fishery sustainability.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Welcomme, R.L.; Cowx, I.G.; Coates, D.; Béné, C.; Funge-Smith, S.; Halls, A.; Lorenzen, K. ( 2010 ) Inland capture fisheries. ISSN 0962-8436.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365 (1554): 2881-2896.
The reported annual yield from inland capture fisheries in 2008 was over 10 million tonnes, although real catches are probably considerably higher than this. Inland fisheries are extremely complex, and in many cases poorly understood. The numerous water bodies and small rivers are inhabited by a wide range of species and several types of fisher community with diversified livelihood strategies for whom inland fisheries are extremely important. Many drivers affect the fisheries, including internal fisheries management practices. There are also many drivers from outside the fishery that influence the state and functioning of the environment as well as the social and economic framework within which the fishery is pursued. The drivers affecting the various types of inland water, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and wetlands may differ, particularly with regard to ecosystem function. Many of these depend on land-use practices and demand for water which conflict with the sustainability of the fishery. Climate change is also exacerbating many of these factors. The future of inland fisheries varies between continents. In Asia and Africa the resources are very intensely exploited and there is probably little room for expansion; it is here that resources are most at risk. Inland fisheries are less heavily exploited in South and Central America, and in the North and South temperate zones inland fisheries are mostly oriented to recreation rather than food production.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; River fisheries; Lagoon fisheries; Reservoir fisheries; Lake fisheries

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(Publication Type: Working paper)
Russell, A.J.M.; Coulibaly, S.; Sinaba, F.; Kodio, A.; Joffre, O.; Sheriff, N. ( 2010 ) Institutional histories, seasonal floodplains (mares), and livelihood impacts of fish stocking in the Inner Niger River Delta of Mali.
CBFC Working paper no. 5. WorldFish Center, Penang. 23 p.
Draft copy.
The Community-based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains and Irrigation Systems (CBFC) project is a five year research project supported by the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), with the aim of increasing productivity of seasonally occurring water bodies through aquaculture. The project has been implemented in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Mali and Vietnam, where technical and institutional options for community based aquaculture have been tested. The project began in 2005 and was completed in March 2010. The seasonally flooded depressions in the Inner Niger Delta (known as mares) represent a critical fishery resource for the inhabitants of the village of Komio, and at present, access is open to all residents. A proposal to build stocked fish enclosures in the main village mare presents potential benefits and risks. On one hand, overall productivity in the mare could be significantly increased, providing important sources of protein and cash during the annual drought period, when few livelihood activities can be performed and when village livelihoods are at their most vulnerable. Enhanced productivity in mares may also decrease local household pressures for seasonal labor migration. On the other hand, a resulting increase in the value of these mares may encourage elite capture of project benefits or rentseeking by certain village leaders of the landowning Marka ethnic group. Using qualitative interviews and focus group discussions, the study provides evidence of how local institutional and leadership capacity for equitable common property resource management have evolved since the introduction of irrigated farming systems (known as Périmètres Irrigués Villageois or PIVs) in the 1990s.
Subject Descriptors: Fishing rights; River fisheries; Livelihoods

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Mujinga, W.; Lwamba, J.; Mutala, S.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2010 ) An inventory of fish species at the urban markets of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. Project Report 1983. WorldFish Center, Penang. 30 p.
This report was produced under the Regional Programme “Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions” by the WorldFish Center and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), with financial assistance from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
This study, which aims at analyzing the nutritional value of fish products sold on the fish markets of Lubumbashi, has been conducted by the World Fish center as part of its regional programme "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa : investing in sustainable solutions". This report contains a map of fish markets of Lubumbashi with analyses of fish species found at these markets, and information about the most common fish species. In addition, a photographic guide of the various types of fish and fish products in their order of importance, depending on the amounts that are available on Lubumbashi markets. was also compiled.
Subject Descriptors: Nutritive value; Fisheries; Research

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Darwall, W.R.T.; Allison, E.H.; Turner, G.F.; Irvine, K. ( 2010 ) Lake of flies, or lake of fish? A tropic model of Lake Malawi. ISSN 0304-3800.
Ecological Modelling 221: 713-727.
Ecosystem-focused models have, for the first time, become available for the combined demersal and pelagic components of a large tropical lake ecosystem, Lake Malawi. These provide the opportunity to explore continuing controversies over the production efficiencies and ecological functioning of large tropical lakes. In Lake Malawi these models can provide important insight to the effect of fishing on fish composition, and the potential competition that the lakefly Chaoborus edulis may have with fisheries production. A mass-balanced trophic model developed for the demersal fish community of the southern and western areas of Lake Malawi was integrated with an existing trophic model developed for the open-water pelagic. Input parameters for the demersal model were obtained from a survey of fish distributions, fish food consumption studies, and from additional published quantitative and qualitative information on the various biotic components of the community. The model was constructed using the Ecopath approach and software. The graphically presented demersal food web spanned four trophic levels and was based primarily on consumption of detritus, zooplankton and sedimented diatoms. Zooplankton was imported into the system at trophic levels three and four through fish predation on carnivorous and herbivorous copepods and Chaoborus larvae. It is proposed that the primary consumption of copepods was by fish migrating into the pelagic zone. Chaoborus larvae in the demersal were probably consumed near the lakebed as they conducted a daily migration from the pelagic to seek refuge in the sediments. This evidence for strong benthic-pelagic coupling provided the opportunity for linking the demersal model to the existing model for the pelagic community so producing the first model for the complete ecosystem. Energy fluxes through the resulting combined model demonstrated that the primary import of biomass to the demersal system was detritus of pelagic origin (72.1%) and pelagic zooplankton (10.6%). Only 15.8% of the biomass consumed within the demersal system was of demersal origin. Lakefly production is efficiently utilised by the lake fish community, and any attempt to improve fishery production through introduction of a non-native plantivorous fish species would have a negative impact on the stability and productivity of the lake ecosystem.
Subject Descriptors: Trophic structure; Demersal fish; Food webs; Ecology; Benthos; Trophic relationships; Trophodynamic cycle

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (refereed))
Szuster, B.; Hoanh, C.T.; Kam, S.P.; Ismail, A.M.; Noble, A.; Borger, M. ( 2010 ) Policy, planning and management at the land-water interface. ISBN 9781845936181.
p. 1-12. In: Chu, T.H. et al. (ed.) Tropical deltas and coastal zones: food Production, communities and environment at the land–water Interface. Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series 9. Cabi International.
Historically, land and water management within many coastal deltas has focused on the exclusion of saline water flows that move upstream from the coast. However, this approach fails to recognize the diversity of rural livelihoods and ecosystems in coastal deltaic areas, the environmental consequences of altering natural saline water flows and the emergence of new activities such as shrimp farming that require brackish water. Focusing on the developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America, chapters explore the diverse livelihoods of people in these areas, the impact of land-water management on environments, new techniques and methodologies and lessons learned in land and water management to solve the conflicts between agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries.

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Chiwaula, L.; Witt, R.; Béné, C; Ngoma, P.; Turpie, J.; Waibel, H. ( 2010 ) Technical guidelines for economic valuation of inland small-scale fisheries in developing countries.
Report for the project "Food security and poverty alleviation through improved valuation and governance of river fisheries in Africa. WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 40 p.
These “Technical Guidelines for Economic Valuation of Inland Small-scale Fisheries in Developing Countries” are one of the outputs of the project on “Food security and poverty alleviation through improved valuation and governance of river fisheries in Africa”. The guidelines draw upon research results and experience gained during the course of the project. The project was coordinated and implemented by the WorldFish Center and was carried out in cooperation with the National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARs) from the participating countries: the Nigeria Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, the Departments of Fishery of Niger, Malawi and Zambia, and the Cameroonian Ministère de l’Elevage, des Pêches et de l’Industrie Animale; and three advanced research institutes (ARIs): the Leibniz University of Hannover in Germany, the Institute for Sustainable Development and Aquatic Resources in UK, and the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Rural development; Sustainable development; Livelihoods; Economic analysis; Research; Artisanal fishing

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Béné, C.; Lawton, R.; Allison, E.H. ( 2010 ) Trade matters in the fight against poverty: narratives, perceptions, and (lack of) evidence in the case of fish trade in Africa. ISSN 0305-750X.
World Development 38(7): 933-954.
Two opposing views exist in the literature on the potential role that international fish trade plays in economic development. While some claim that fish trade has a pro-poor effect, others denounce the negative effect of fish export on local populations’ food security and doubt its contributions to the macro-economy. In this paper, we explore this debate in sub-Saharan Africa. Our analysis did not find any evidence of direct negative impact of fish trade on food security; neither did it find evidence that international fish trade generates positive, pro-poor outcomes. This paper discusses the possible reasons for this apparent lack of development impact and highlights the unsupported assumptions underlying the current discourse about international fish trade. We suggest that, given lack of evidence for the development benefits of fish trade between Africa and developed countries, fisheries policy could consider support for regional (Africa-to-Africa) trade that meets the growing African demand for lower-value fish. Means of overcoming barriers to intra- African trade in fish are discussed.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery resources; Food security; Poverty; Livelihoods; Trade; Fishery policy

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(Publication Type: Lessons Learned)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2010 ) Vulnerability in inland fishing communities in Africa: lessons learned.
Lesson learned 2105. The Worldfish Center, Penang. 6 p.
A critical first step in understanding vulnerability in inland fishing communities is to move away from classical fishery definitions that consider only the resource and harvest methods and, instead, recognize that fisheries operate across broad domains including the natural resource and its ecosystem, people and livelihoods, institutions and governance systems, and external drivers. This lesson learned provides an overview of the outcome of recently completed 2-year project funded by the Challenge Program on Water and Food and undertaken by the WorldFish Center with the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement in France and Mali, the Nigerian Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, and the Institut d’Economie Rurale in Mali. The project aimed to address the concerns about the nature of vulnerability and possible ways to strengthen the resilience of inland fishing communities.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter)
Heck, S.; Holvoet, K. ( 2009 ) The challenge of HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector in developing countries. ISBN 91-85205-87-5. ISSN 0023-5350.
p. 459-462. In: Wramner P., M. Cullberg and H. Ackefors (eds.) Fisheries, sustainability and development. Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm.
People in the fisheries sector in developing countries are among those at highest risk to HIV and AIDS. Global data suggest that fisherfolk, including fishers, their families, fish processors and traders, are among high risk groups with infection rates that are five to ten times higher than in agricultural communities in the same areas. Geographically, the spread of HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector mirrors the spread in the general population, with sub-Saharan Africa showing the highest incidence. Importantly, however, absolute numbers of HIV positive fisherfolk are very high in Asia due to large fishing populations, and case studies from Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia suggest that here, too, fisherfolk are among the high risk groups.
Subject Descriptors: AIDS; HIV; Fisheries; Developing countries

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SH206 A8 #1991 2009 (Publication Type: Compendium)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2009 ) Compendium of funding opportunities for research, education and development projects in Africa. Penang: The WorldFish Center, 196 p.
The WorldFish Center compendium no. 1991.
This compendium was prepared by The WorldFish Center – Business Development and Communications Division with funding support from the International Development Research Centre of Canada.
Subject Descriptors: Africa; Funding opportunities; Funding

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Brummett, R.E.; Ponzoni, R.W. ( 2009 ) Concepts, alternatives, and environmental considerations in the development and use of improved strains of tilapia in African aquaculture. ISSN 1064-1262.
Reviews in Fisheries Science 17(1):70-77.
The status of African populations of farmed tilapia is reviewed and discussed in light of the need for improved strains for commercial aquaculture. Many tilapia populations currently held on African fish farms have been genetically compromised through one or more of the following: inbreeding, negative selection, genetic drift, and unregulated hybridization. Their performance is currently 20–40% lower than the wild populations with which they have been compared and almost 100% less than some improved lines. Basic genetic management through the use of rotational mating could at least maintain genetic integrity, whereas selective breeding has the potential to further improve performance. Environmental concerns over the use of improved stocks are based largely on case studies from Atlantic salmon aquaculture and might not accurately reflect the situation of farmed tilapia in Africa. Nevertheless, international guidelines for the conduct of appropriate cost/benefit analyses should be followed when deciding whether to use improved tilapias or not.
Subject Descriptors: Selective breeding; Genetics

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Chilima, D.M. ( 2009 ) Democratic Republic of the Congo planning meeting, 5-6 Dec 2007. Workshop report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1961. Penang, Malaysia. 14 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In DR Congo, the main project site is Kasenga area situated in Katanga Province. The Department of Fisheries and National AIDS Council are the main stakeholders who will utilize the results of the research to influence policy. Research institutions and NGOs will implement the research and pilot interventions in the Katanga Province as agreed during the workshop. The Workshop objectives are 1) To agree on the research focus for the DR Congo component within the overall project framework 2) To develop a detailed annual work plan for 2008, and an overall work plan to the end of the project in March 2010 3) As part of these work plans, to agree on milestones, deliverables and identify indicators 4) To identify linkages with related projects and agree how these linkages will be managed.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Manual)
Béné, C.; Abban, E.K.; van Zwieten, P.; Dankwa, H.R.; Brummett, R.; Ofori, J.K.; Obirih-Opareh, N.; Kolding, J. ( 2009 ) Engaging local communities in aquatic resources research and activities: a technical manual. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center,
WorldFish Center technical manual no.1951. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 23 p.
Technical manual prepared for the project: Improved fisheries productivity and management in tropical reservoirs, CP-PN34: Challenge Programme on Water and Food.
This document is part of a series of 5 technical manuals produced by the Challenge Program Project CP34 “Improved fisheries productivity and management in tropical reservoirs”. The objective of this technical manual is to relay the field experience of a group of scientists who have worked extensively in small fisheries in sub-Sahara Africa and Asia and lay out a series of simple and pragmatic pointers on how to establish and run initiatives for community catch assessment. The manual relies in particular on practical experience gained implementing Project 34 of the Challenge Programme on Water and Food: Improved Fisheries Productivity and Management in Tropical Reservoirs.
Subject Descriptors: Research; Fishery data

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Lungu, A.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1970. Penang, Malaysia. 14 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center in Lusaka is implementing a regional collaborative programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV&AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions". The programme is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Under the Zambia component, the technical focus area "Options for reducing vulnerability along the fish marketing chain" focuses on the Kafue Flats fishery in Zambia. This study aims to identify vulnerability factors affecting fisher folk and fish traders in the Kafue Flats, especially those that make them susceptible and vulnerable to HIV&AIDS. The study will provide the analytical basis for pilot interventions to reduce specific vulnerability factors and enhance livelihoods for fisher folk and fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery. This report describes the methodologies and approaches used for the study in the Kafue Flats fishery, and how the findings and analyses will be used for the further implementation and learning of the programme.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Flyer)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2009 ) Fish supply and food security for Africa.
Flyer 1995. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 4 p.
Fish is an important food for over 400 million Africans, contributing essential proteins, minerals and micronutrients to their diets. Paradoxically, despite the high dependence on fish as a source of animal protein, fish consumption in sub-Saharan Africa is the world's lowest. The continent is projected to need an additional 1.6 million tons of fish a year by 2015 just to maintain current consumption. The rapid increases in fish supply required over the next decades will only be possible, therefore, if these fisheries are sustained and improved, while simultaneously developing aquaculture (fish farming). This note summarizes this dual approach.
Subject Descriptors: Artisanal fishing

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter)
Gordon, A. ( 2009 ) Fish trade in Africa: its characteristics, role and importance. ISBN 91-85205-87-5. ISSN 0023-5350.
p. 435-442. In: Wramner P., M. Cullberg and H. Ackefors (eds.) Fisheries, sustainability and development. Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm.
This chapter focuses on Africa and illustrates some of the ways in which fish trade affects development – with positive, negative and sometimes unclear outcomes. Although Africa is a minor player in global fish trade (Africa accounts for around five percent of global fish production and global fish trade), fisheries trade nonetheless has important local development impacts. Whilst some of those impacts are clear, others are underreported and poorly understood. An overview of fish trade in Africa including aspects not evident in official data is given, together with selected case studies that illustrate different dimensions of African fish trade. The conclusions focus on important development considerations for the sector.
Subject Descriptors: Trade; Aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Brochure)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2009 ) Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: investing in sustainable solutions. Zambia: The WorldFish Center,
The WorldFish Center and the UN FAO are currently implementing a regional programme entitled Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: investing in sustainable solutions. The programme, funded by SIDA and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, aims to strengthen regional capacity to develop sustainable solutions to enhance the contributions of fish and fisheries to development. In particular, the programme is building a strategic response to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector that will benefit vulnerable groups in wider society.

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(Publication Type: Policy Brief)
Musumali, M.M.; Heck, S.; Husken, S.M.C.; Wishart, M. ( 2009 ) Fisheries in Zambia: an undervalued contributor to poverty reduction.
Policy Brief 1913. The WorldFish Center/The World Bank. 15 p.
This brief examines the fisheries sector in Zambia. Fisheries sector has made a small contribution (1.24%) to the country's national GDP. However, It is estimated that more than 20 percent of animal protein intake for people in Zambia is from fish. Hence there is an important role for fish and fish products in the food and nutrition security of the Zambian population, especially the urban poor and people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV). The brief also includes recommendations of how fisheries can contribute to the government's goal of a more inclusive, diversified and sustained economic growth.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Béné, C. ( 2009 ) Food security and poverty alleviation through improved valuation and governance of river fisheries in Africa.
The project aims to sustain and improve the livelihoods of the rural poor who depend on fisheries for their employment, income and food security along the rivers of the Lake Chad and Zambezi basins. Its purpose is to strengthen the capacity of national and regional decision-making to develop and implement improved governance and policy mechanisms that sustain river fisheries and enhance their contribution to poverty alleviation and national food security.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Food security; River fisheries

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Te Lintelo, D. ( 2009 ) Food security, nutrition and HIV/AIDS in African fisheries: emerging evidence and research directions: a literature review.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1968. Penang, Malaysia. 39 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As part of this project, the Overseas Development Group/School of Development Studies was asked to produce a literature review on 'Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: evidence from social science, medical and policy research'. The task was to collate available data from socio-economic and medical research to identify trends in fishing communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper is the third of three parts of the literature review, which covers review of research on the relationship between food and nutrition security and HIV/AIDS, and how this applies to the fisheries sector in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Khaw, H.L.; Bovenhuis, H.; Ponzoni, R.W.; Rezk, M.A.; Charo-Karisa, H.; Komen, H. ( 2009 ) Genetic analysis of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) selection line reared in two input environments. ISSN 0044-8486.
Aquaculture 294: 37-42.
Ascertaining the appropriate selection environment for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Africa is a critical issue. Two data sets derived from two selection lines originating from a common base population were analysed in this study. The lines were selected in two different input environments, here named ‘low input’ and ‘high input’. Both data sets were combined and jointly analyzed to estimate the phenotypic and genetic parameters, with a special focus on the examination of genotype by environmental interaction. The data sets included a total of 7640 animals with phenotypic information from three discrete generations. Four different models (in terms of fixed effects) were fitted in univariate (harvest weight) and bivariate (harvest weight in each input line treated as two different traits) animal models to estimate variance and covariance components. The heritabilities estimated from the four different models by univariate analyses ranged from 0.15 to 0.41 (all with standard errors of 0.04). The genetic correlations between harvest weights expressed in the two environments, obtained from the bivariate analyses, ranged from 0.74 to 0.84 (with standard error in the range 0.15 to 0.36). We concluded that there was no significant evidence for genotype by environmental interaction for these two particular input environments.

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Béné, C. ( 2009 ) Governance and decentralization reforms in small-scale fisheries: an African perspective. ISBN 91-85205-87-5. ISSN 0023-5350.
p. 253-266. In: Wramner P., M. Cullberg and H. Ackefors (eds.) Fisheries, sustainability and development. Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm.
Relying on a framework that highlights different dimensions of ‘decentralization’, this paper reviews fisheries co-management programmes as they have been implemented over the last 20 years in sub-Saharan Africa. It shows that in most cases, fisheries co-management programmes failed to improve governance, but simply altered the distribution of power and responsibility amongst the different stakeholders. In this new context, the co-management programmes were implemented often at the detriment of the direct endusers (fisherfolk) who benefit from those reforms only in a limited number of cases. Challenging the current narrative that presents participation as the central condition for governance reforms, the review instead highlights the importance of downward accountability. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
McPherson, A. ( 2009 ) Health service delivery and other HIV/AIDS related interventions in the fisheries sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1964. Penang, Malaysia. 30 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As part of this project, the Overseas Development Group/School of Development Studies was asked to produce a literature review on 'Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: evidence from social science, medical and policy research'. The task was to collate available data from socio-economic and medical research to identify trends in fishing communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper is the first of three parts of the literature review, which covers review of research on health service delivery and other HIV/AIDS related interventions in the fisheries sector in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Banda-Nyirenda, D.; Hüsken, S.M.C.; Kaunda, W. ( 2009 ) Impact of nutrition and fish supplementation on the response to anti retroviral therapy, Zambia: a literature review.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1985. Penang, Malaysia. 25 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
This work is part of the Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions, implemented by the WorldFish Center and funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The research study analyses the effects of a fish supplemented diet on HIV/AIDS patients’ response to Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART). This literature review forms the background and basis for the clinical research to be undertaken in selected The Kenneth Kaunda Children of Africa Foundation (KKCAF) centers in Zambia.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Book Chapter (Refereed))
Finegold, C. ( 2009 ) The importance of fisheries and aquaculture to development. ISBN 91-85205-87-5. ISSN 0023-5350.
p. 353-364. In: Wramner, P. ; Cullberg, M. ; Ackefors, H. (eds.) Fisheries, sustainability and development. The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm.
Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture make critical contributions to development in the areas of employment, with over 41 million people worldwide, the vast majority of whom live in developing countries, working in fish production; food security and nutrition, with fish constituting an important source of nutrients for the poor and often being the cheapest form of animal protein; and trade, with a third of fishery commodity production in developing countries destined for export. With most capture fisheries worldwide considered fully exploited or overexploited, aquaculture will be central to meeting fish demand, which will continue to increase with population growth, rising incomes and increasing urbanisation. As aquaculture develops, however, governments will need to manage its potential ecological and social impacts. African aquaculture, which has grown much more slowly than in other regions, faces numerous challenges, including resource conflicts and difficulties in accessing credit, quality seed and feed, and information. Also key to meeting growing demand will be improvements in postharvest processing to reduce fish losses. Both fisheries and aquaculture are often neglected in national development policy and donor priorities, as policy makers often do not have access to data which reflect the importance of fisheries and aquaculture to development. Appropriate policies and regulation remain important, however, both in managing capture fisheries and ensuring that aquaculture development is pro-poor and sustainable.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Small scale aquaculture; Artisanal fishing; Food fish; Food security

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Béné, C. et al. ( 2009 ) Improved fisheries productivity and management in tropical reservoirs.
CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. 117 p.
Project number CP34. This project was funded by the Challenge Programme on Water and Food. Matching funds were also provided by the following institutes: the WorldFish Center; the Water Research Institute (Ghana); the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (Egypt); the Lake Nasser Development Authority (Egypt); the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (India); the University of Bergen (Norway); and the Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (Ghana).
The objective of the project was to contribute to the current research on reservoirs enhancement fisheries in tropical countries through the implementation of a series of action-research activities implemented in two small reservoirs in the Indo-Gangetic basin in India, and two very large reservoirs in Africa, the Lake Nasser (Egypt), and the Volta Lake (Ghana). Socio-institutional analyses were also conducted in these reservoirs to improve our knowledge regarding some of the main social processes that influence reservoir productivity. Overall the results of the project stress that while the natural biophysical constraints of the reservoirs are important in defining the ecological production processes, it is the socio-economic settings characterizing the community/societies around the reservoirs that eventually shape the human production enhancement possibilities.
Subject Descriptors: Reservoir fisheries; Inland fisheries; Sociological aspects; Socioeconomic aspects

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Tanzarn, N. ( 2009 ) Lake Victoria component planning meeting 13-14 Nov 200. Workshop report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1959. Penang, Malaysia. 16 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In Uganda, the Department of Fisheries Resources will provide the institutional support. Considering its role of overseeing the mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS, the Uganda AIDS Commission (UAC) will play a key role in the national coordination of the project. The responsibility of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO) will be to ensure that stakeholders from around the Lake actively participate in the discussions and that the recommendations arising from the project are of regional significance. The workshop objectives are to: 1) Create a shared understanding of programme objectives and processes 2) Develop an understanding of the technical programme focus and approaches (value chain, gender, pilot project, action research) 3) Agree on national programme outputs and targets, building on contributions by components, partners 4) Develop work plans and budget for the national component
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Macuiane, M.; Nagoli, J.; Chilima, D. ( 2009 ) Malawi / Mozambique implementation partners planning meeting, 15-16 Oct 2007. Workshop report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1958. Penang, Malaysia. 15 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The WorldFish Center organized a stakeholder workshop for planning of the activities. under the project Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa for Malawi and Mozambique focusing on the Nacala corridor. The meeting was expected to generate ideas on the strategy of the program toward its implementation in both countries and come up with the list of potential partners from both countries as well as defining their roles and responsibilities in the project. The objectives of the workshop are to: 1) Create a shared understanding of programme objectives and processes 2) Develop an understanding of the technical programme focus and approaches (value chain, gender, pilot project, action research) 3) Agree on national programme outputs and targets, building on contributions by components, partners 4) Develop work plans and budget for the national component
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Kabahenda, M.K.; Omony, P.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Manutention après capture des produits halieutiques de faible valeur et menaces pour la qualité nutritionnelle: une étude des pratiques dans la région du Lac Victoria.
Programme régional pour les pêches et le VIH/SIDA en Afrique: investir dans des solutions durables. Rapport de projet du WorldFish Center. The WorldFish Center, Penang.
English translated title: Post-harvest handling of low value fish products and threats to the nutritional quality: a practical study in Lake Victoria.
L’objectif de la présente étude est d’examiner les pratiques courantes en matière de transformation, de conservation et d’entreposage des produits halieutiques de faible valeur commercialisés dans la région du Lac Victoria et l’impact de ces pratiques sur la qualité nutritionnelle de ces produits et leur contribution aux populations menacées de malnutrition et aux Personnes Vivant avec le VIH/SIDA (PVV).
Subject Descriptors: Nutritive value; Fish handling

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Kabahenda, M.K.; Omony, P.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Post-harvest handling of low-value fish products and threats to nutritional quality: a review of practices in the Lake Victoria region.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1975.
Under the Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa, implemented by the WorldFish Center in collaboration with FAO, this paper is the second in a series of papers that have been generated from reviewing literature on trends in consumption and processing of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. The papers fall under the programme’s research component in Uganda, analyzing nutritive quality and post-harvest activities in ‘low value’ fish market chains around Lake Victoria, focusing on Mukono District, Uganda. The objective of this review is to examine the common practices in processing, preservation, and storage of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region and the impact of these practices on nutritional quality of these products and their contribution to populations at risk for malnutrition and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV).
Subject Descriptors: Food fish; Fish handling; Fish storage; Processing fishery products

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(Publication Type: Poster)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2009 ) Posters on Fisheries and AIDS programmes in Africa. Zambia: The WorldFish Center,
This poster outlines 3 key programmes undertaken in 8 countries in Africa: 1. Options for reducing vulnerability along the fish marketing chain. 2. Enhancing nutrition benefits from small scale aquaculture and fisheries. 3. Institutional change to increase investment in viable support options.

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Béné, C.; Belal, E.; Baba, M.O.; Ovie, S.; Raji, A.; Malasha, I.; Njaya, F.; Andi, M.N.; Russell, A. ( 2009 ) Power struggle, dispute and alliance over local resources: analyzing 'democratic' decentralization of natural resources through the lenses of Africa inland fisheries. ISSN 0305-750X.
World Development 37(12): 1935-1950.
This paper is based on a global review of fisheries decentralization programs (co-management) in sub-Saharan Africa. Partly challenging the current narrative, but in line with experience in other sectors (e.g., forestry), the review shows that the outcomes of these decentralizations have not been systematically positive. In most cases, fisheries co-management failed to improve governance, but simply altered the distribution of power and responsibility amongst the different stakeholders. In this new political landscape, poorly designed reforms have enabled a variety of (usual and new) local actors to advance their own agendas, often at the detriment of the direct end-users (fisherfolk).

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(Publication Type: Manual)
Ofori, J.K.; Dankwa, H.R.; Brummett, R.; Abban, E.K. ( 2009 ) Producing tilapia in small cage in West Africa. Achimota, Ghana: Water Research Institute,
WorldFish Center technical manual no.1952. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 16 p.
Technical manual prepared for the project: Improved fisheries productivity and management in tropical reservoirs, CP-PN34: Challenge Programme on Water and Food.
This document is part of a series of 5 technical manuals produced by the Challenge Program Project CP34 “Improved fisheries productivity and management in tropical reservoirs”. The Water Research Institute (WRI) in Akosombo, Ghana, is working to bring cage aquaculture technology to smallholder farmers. The stocking, feeding and cage-construction technology piloted by WRI is now being widely adopted in the Lower Volta basin in Ghana. The results of WRI research over the period 2005-2009 are presented here as a guide to potential investors.
Subject Descriptors: Cage culture; Gear construction; Stocking (organisms); Feeding; Havesting; Marketing

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Profiles of project activities by technical partners under the regional programme "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS: Investing in sustainable solution". Compilation document prepared for the first policy advisory group meeting, 24-26 Mar 2009, Lilongwe, Malawi.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1977. Penang, Malaysia. 68 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are currently implementing a Regional Programme entitled Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions, to strengthen the capacity in the region to develop sustainable solutions to enhance the contributions of fish and fisheries to economic and human development. In particular, the programme is building a strategic response to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector that will generate benefits for vulnerable groups in wider society. With financial support from the Swedish-Norwegian Regional Programme on HIV/AIDS in Africa, this programme is conducting research-for-development activities and implementing pilot interventions in selected fishing communities in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa, namely Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cameroon, Nigeria, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. In all eight countries, three technical focus areas have been identified through national consultations 1) Options for reducing vulnerability along the fish marketing chain; 2) Enhancing nutrition benefits from small scale aquaculture and fisheries; 3) Institutional change to increase investment in viable support options
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Mujinga, W.; Mutala, S.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Rapport d'analyse et table de valeur bromatologique de catégorie des poissons trouvés sur les marchés de poisson à Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo.
Programme régional pour les pêches et le VIH/SIDA en Afrique: investir dans des solutions durables. Rapport de projet du WorldFish Center. Rapport de projet du WorldFish Center. The WorldFish Center, Penang.
English translated title: Value analysis and value table bromatologic category of fish found in fish markets in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Le poisson est très capital dans l’alimentation à Lubumbashi, en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), et on trouve des différentes catégories sur les marchés de Lubumbashi. Ce rapport est le deuxième rapport dans l’analyse de la valeur nutritionnelle des produits de pêche commercialisés aux marchés des poisons à Lubumbashi.
Subject Descriptors: Nutrition; Food fish

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Heck, S. ( 2009 ) Regional synthesis and policy implications: discussion paper prepared for the first policy advisory group meeting, 24-26 Mar 2009, Lilongwe, Malawi.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1978. Penang, Malaysia. 7 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are currently implementing a Regional Programme entitled Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions, to strengthen the capacity in the region to develop sustainable solutions to enhance the contributions of fish and fisheries to economic and human development. In particular, the programme is building a strategic response to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector that will generate benefits for vulnerable groups in wider society. This short paper tries to synthesize the findings so far, to place them in a wider context of what we know about fisheries and HIV/AIDS in the region and globally, and to identify key issues of regional significance that require policy intervention at different levels.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Russell, S.; Grellier, R.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Regional technical workshop, Lusaka, Zambia. 17-19 Jun 2008. Workshop report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1963. Penang, Malaysia. 14 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The main purpose of the workshop was to bring together partners on the programme to share ideas and current research proposals, to strengthen these research proposals by taking into account cross cutting issues such as ethics and gender, and to determine arrangements for ongoing collaborative support.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Rebelo, L.M.; Finlayson, C.M.; Nagabhatla, N. ( 2009 ) Remote sensing and GIS for wetland inventory, mapping and change analysis. ISSN 0301-4797.
Journal of Environmental Management 90(7): 2144-2153.
A multiple purpose wetland inventory is being developed and promoted through partnerships and specific analyses at different scales in response to past uncertainties and gaps in inventory coverage. A partnership approach is being promoted through the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to enable a global inventory database to be compiled from individual projects and analyses using remote sensing and GIS. Individual projects that are currently part of this global effort are described. They include an analysis of the Ramsar sites’ database to map the distribution of Ramsar sites across global ecoregions and to identify regions and wetland types that are under-represented in the database. Given the extent of wetland degradation globally, largely due to agricultural activities, specific attention is directed towards the usefulness of Earth Observation in providing information that can be used to more effectively manage wetlands. As an example, a further project using satellite data and GIS to quantify the condition of wetlands along the western coastline of Sri Lanka is described and trends in land use due to changes in agriculture, sedimentation and settlement patterns are outlined. At a regional scale, a project to map and assess, using remote sensing, individual wetlands used for agriculture in eight countries in southern Africa is also described. Land cover and the extent of inundation at each site is being determined from a multi-temporal data set of images as a base for further assessment of land use change. Integrated fully within these analyses is the development of local capacity to plan and undertake such analyses and in particular to relate the outcomes to wetland management and to compile data on the distribution, extent and condition of wetlands globally.
Subject Descriptors: GIS; Remote sensing; Wetlands

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Hüsken, S.M.C.; Heck, S. ( 2009 ) Report of the first policy advisory group meeting of the regional programme "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS: Investing in sustaining solution"
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1980. Penang, Malaysia. 27 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are currently implementing a Regional Programme entitled Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions, to strengthen the capacity in the region to develop sustainable solutions to enhance the contributions of fish and fisheries to economic and human development. In particular, the programme is building a strategic response to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector that will generate benefits for vulnerable groups in wider society. With financial support from the Swedish-Norwegian Regional Programme on HIV/AIDS in Africa, this programme is conducting research-for-development activities and implementing pilot interventions in selected fishing communities in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa, namely Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cameroon, Nigeria, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. In all eight countries, three technical focus areas have been identified through national consultations 1) Options for reducing vulnerability along the fish marketing chain; 2) Enhancing nutrition benefits from small scale aquaculture and fisheries; 3) Institutional change to increase investment in viable support options; This report presents initial findings by the Regional Programme, a regional synthesis and policy implications of these programme findings, and policy recommendations to address HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector in Africa, as defined by the PAG members during its first meeting in Lilongwe.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Bakunda, A. ( 2009 ) Report on stakeholders start-up meeting Kiyindi landing site, Mukono district, Uganda 6 June 2008. Workshop report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1962. Penang, Malaysia. 12 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As part of this project, the Department of Fisheries Resources, Uganda will provide the institutional support through organizing three stakeholders meetings and this report is the result of the first meeting held.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Kher, A. ( 2009 ) Review of social science literature on risk and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in fishing communities in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1966. Penang, Malaysia. 38 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As part of this project, the Overseas Development Group/School of Development Studies was asked to produce a literature review on 'Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: evidence from social science, medical and policy research'. The task was to collate available data from socio-economic and medical research to identify trends in fishing communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper is the second of three parts of the literature review, which covers review of social science research on risk and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector in Sub-Saharan Africa
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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(Publication Type: Article)
Béné, C. ( 2009 ) Trading fish for sex in sub-Saharan Africa.
id21 Research Highlight: 8 June 2009.
Chris Béné's article "Women and Fish-for-Sex" (FFS) is being highlighted in this issue of id21. The researchers use the example of a small-scale fishing community in the Kafue flats region of Zambia, and review other cases in the world. They demonstrate how economic impoverishment, which is often put forward to explain FFS transactions, is too simplistic to capture the complexity of the FFS phenomenon.

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Kabahenda, M.K.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Une étude des produits halieutiques de faible valeur commercialisés dans la région du Lac Victoria.
Programme régional pour les pêches et le VIH/SIDA en Afrique: investir dans des solutions durables. The WorldFish Center, Penang.
English translated title: A survey of low value fish products traded in Lake Victoria.
L’essor de la pêche commerciale, notamment de l’exportation de la perche du Nil, a entraîné la réduction des stocks de poissons et de la disponibilité du poisson auprès des populations de la région du Lac Victoria. Cette baisse ne menace pas seulement les moyens d’existence des pêcheurs artisanaux et des transformateurs mais elle met également en danger la sécurité nutritionnelle et alimentaire des populations de la région. Pendant que les stocks de perche du Nil (Lates niloticus) et de tilapia continuent de diminuer, les pêcheurs artisanaux se tournent vers le poisson de faible valeur comme le mukene (Rastreneobola Argentea) et les transformateurs se tournent vers la transformation des sous-produits issus des opérations de filetage. Cette transition est désirable mais n’assure pas pour autant l’accès au poisson des populations des pays riverains. La présente étude a pour but de documenter la contribution des produits halieutiques de faible valeur à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des individus vivant avec le VIH/SIDA et des personnes en danger de malnutrition. Compte tenu de la prévalence élevée de la malnutrition dans la région du Lac Victoria, il est nécessaire de réglementer ’utilisation et le commerce des produits halieutiques de faible valeur pour améliorer l’accès au poisson chez les populations gravement menacée de malnutrition.
Subject Descriptors: Surveys; Fish; Artisanal fishing; Stocks; Fish handling; Food security; HIV/AIDS

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Na-Nakorn, U.; Brummett, R.E. ( 2009 ) Use and exchange of aquatic genetic resources for food and aquaculture: clarias catfish. ISSN 1753-5123.
Reviews in Aquaculture 1(3/4): 214-223.
There are 58 species of Clarias recognized in FishBase (as of January 2009), 33 in Africa and 25 in Asia. Aquaculture of clariids is important with 30 countries reporting a total production of over 300 000 t worth nearly US$400 million in 2006. Most production involves the African Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and three Asian species, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), Clarias macrocephalus (Günther, 1864) and Clarias fuscus (Lacep'de, 1803). In much of Asia, hybrids of introduced C. gariepinus with native species dominate aquaculture and may pose threats to the purity and viability of wild populations. Many local strains have evolved within farms, some of which have been described and included in genetic management programs. Genetic variation among species and populations is significant, but to date little work on selective breeding of the group has been reported. Conservation efforts have so far focused on ex situ methods, primarily for farmed stocks, but these are few and expensive and farmed stocks are often of lower genetic diversity than wild stocks. In situ conservation of genetic material, both for aquaculture and for the maintenance of fitness in wild populations in light of changes occurring in the watershed, needs to be considered as a more viable long-term strategy. The preservation of ecosystem functional integrity is thus a prerequisite for the long-term conservation of Clarias genetic resources for food and aquaculture.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Genetic markers; Genetic drift; Selective breeding; Aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Kambewa, P.; Nagoli, J.; Hüsken, S.M.C. ( 2009 ) Vulnerability of female fish traders to HIV/AIDS along the fish market chain of the south-eastern arm of Lake Malawi: Analysis report.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1979.
The objectives of this study were first, to understand the market chain of fish as traded by women in the south-eastern Arm of Lake Malawi, with a specific focus on analyzing how fish is moved from the lake to the wholesale market. Secondly, the study identifies HIV/AIDS vulnerability factors along this market chain i.e. from the point of catch to the wholesale market.
Subject Descriptors: HIV; Health; Fisheries; Women; Gender

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Allison, E.H.; Perry, A.L.; Badjeck, M.C.; Adger, W.N.; Brown, K.; Conway, D.; Halls, A.S.; Pilling, G.M.; Reynolds, J.D.; Andrew, N.L.; Dulvy, N.K. ( 2009 ) Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. ISSN 1467-2960.
Fish and Fisheries 10(2):173-196.
Anthropogenic global warming has significantly influenced physical and biological processes at global and regional scales. The observed and anticipated changes in global climate present significant opportunities and challenges for societies and economies. We compare the vulnerability of 132 national economies to potential climate change impacts on their capture fisheries using an indicator-based approach. Countries in Central and Western Africa (e.g. Malawi, Guinea, Senegal, and Uganda), Peru and Colombia in north-western South America, and four tropical Asian countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Pakistan, and Yemen) were identified as most vulnerable. This vulnerability was due to the combined effect of predicted warming, the relative importance of fisheries to national economies and diets, and limited societal capacity to adapt to potential impacts and opportunities. Many vulnerable countries were also among the world’s least developed countries whose inhabitants are among the world’s poorest and twice as reliant on fish, which provides 27% of dietary protein compared to 13% in less vulnerable countries. These countries also produce 20% of the world’s fish exports and are in greatest need of adaptation planning to maintain or enhance the contribution that fisheries can make to poverty reduction. Although the precise impacts and direction of climate-driven change for particular fish stocks and fisheries are uncertain, our analysis suggests they are likely to lead to either increased economic hardship or missed opportunities for development in countries that depend upon fisheries but lack the capacity to adapt.
Subject Descriptors: Climate change; Fisheries

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Béné, C.; Friend, R.M. ( 2009 ) Water, poverty and inland fisheries: lessons from Africa and Asia. ISSN 0250-8060.
Water International 34(1): 47-61.
Relying on experience from West Africa and the Mekong Basin, the authors contend that small-scale inland fisheries are a critical element in the livelihoods of many farming households who live near water bodies in developing countries. Empirical evidence suggests that the relation between poverty and small-scale fisheries cannot be reduced to a simple correlation with income. A more thorough analysis is required. Using vulnerability and exclusions as two dimensions of poverty, we show that poverty in fishing communities includes a wide range of variables: income but also land ownership, debt, access to health, education and financial capital, and political and geographical marginalization.

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(Publication Type: Non Peer Review Book Chapter)
Brummett, R.; Tanania, C.; Pandi, A.; Ladel, J.; Munzimi, Y.; Russell, A.; Stiassny, M.; Thieme, M.; White, S.; Davies, D. ( 2009 ) Water resources, forests and ecosystem goods and services. ISBN 978-92-79-13210-0.
p. 141-157. In: de Wasseige C., Devers D., de Marcken P., Eba’a Atyi R., Nasi R. and Mayaux Ph. (eds.) The Forests of the Congo Basin - State of the Forest 2008. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
The chapter begins with an overview of the water system in the Congo Basin, presents a synopsis of select hydrological goods and services, describes the relationship between forests and water resources in large river systems and concludes with a section on the state of knowledge and water resource management in Central Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Ecosystems; Water resources; Forest resources; Tropical rain forests; Wetlands; River fisheries; Navigation; Water power; Biodiversity

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(Publication Type: Project Report)
Chilima, D.M. ( 2009 ) Zambia planning meeting, 8-9 Nov 2007. Workshop report.
The WorldFish Center Project Report 1960. Penang, Malaysia. 10 p.
Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions.
The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In Zambia, the main project site is Kafue flats. The Department of Fisheries (DOF) and National AIDS Council (NAC) are the main stakeholders who will utilize the results of the research to influence policy. Research institutions and NGOs will implement the research and pilot interventions in the designated project sites. The objectives of the workshop are to: 1) Create a shared understanding of programme objectives and processes 2) Develop an understanding of the technical programme focus and approaches (value chain, gender, pilot project, action research) 3) Agree on national programme outputs and targets, building on contributions by components, partners 4) Develop work plans and budget for the national component
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS; Public health; HIV; Nutritive value

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R 2008-04 (Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Brummett, R.E.; Lazard, J.; Moehl, J. ( 2008 ) African aquaculture: realizing the potential. ISSN 0306-9192.
Food Policy 33:371-385.
Despite 40 years of research and development, and hundreds of millions of dollars spent, aquaculture is struggling to realize its high biophysical potential in Africa. Hampered by ineffective institutional arrangements and donor-driven projects, the substantial gains in desperately needed food security and economic growth predicted by development agencies have generally not been achieved. Nevertheless, African aquaculture has demonstrated its competitiveness, producing fishes that feed low on the food chain in a range of well-adapted, environmentally friendly and profitable farming systems that meet the needs of a broad spectrum of user-groups. Key constraints to broader growth include lack of good quality seed, feed and technical advice; poor market infrastructure and access; and weak policies that, rather than accelerate, impede expansion, largely by emphasizing central planning over private sector initiative. If African aquaculture is to make substantial and much needed contributions to the continent’s development, government policy should attempt to facilitate the alleviation of key constraints and rely more heavily on commercial investments to lead future growth. Evidence to date indicates that a pragmatic business approach focusing on small and medium-scale private enterprises would produce more benefits for more people than centrally planned and government led development projects.
Subject Descriptors: Policies; Aquaculture enterprises; Aquaculture systems

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(Publication Type: Audio/Visual)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2008 ) Fish farming supports HIV-affected families in Africa. Penang: The WorldFish Center, Video: 1 min 34 sec.
In partnership with and special thanks to: European Commission; German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development; Japan International Cooperation Agency; Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Oxfam International; Project Concern International; United States Agency for International Development; World Bank; World Vision International, and support from CGIAR.
The food crisis is adding to the misery of countries already crippled by other burdens like drought and HIV. Here people are turning to fish farming, not only for food and income but also as a way to cope with the challenges of HIV — in particular the orphans from AIDS. This video takes a look at WorldFish's work to reduce poverty and hunger in Africa through fish farming.

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(Publication Type: Article)
Brummett, R.E. ( 2008 ) Genetic quality of cultured tilapia stocks in Africa.
World Aquaculture 39(2):46-49.
African aquaculture is poised for rapid expansion. However, one of the key constraints holding back growth of the sector is the poor quality of the fish stocks available for culture. The problems of declines in growth performance associated with the loss of genetic diversity and ways to improve fish stock via genetic improvement strategies are discussed.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Fish culture; Aquaculture; Genetic diversity

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(Publication Type: Article)
Béné, C. ( 2008 ) Global change in African fish trade: engine of development or threat to local food security? Paris: OECD Publishing, 17 p.
OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Papers no. 10.
This is a paper presented at the IIFET Workshop in Nha Trang Vietnam, 22-25 July 2008 at the session on Fisheries and Globalisation: Meeting the Policy Challenges which was moderated by Anthony Cox, Senior Analyst, OECD Fisheries Policies Division of the Trade and Agriculture Directorate.
Today fish is the most traded food commodity in the World. This situation is not without generating potential issues. On the one hand, fish trade is said to support economic growth processes in developing countries by providing an important source of cash revenue. On the other hand, fish trade is also said to lead to a decline in food security and a decrease in the availability of fish for the local population. In this paper we explore more thoroughly those two opposite views in the specific case of sub-Sahara Africa. For this we consider a range of eight national development indicators that encapsulate both economic and wellbeing of sub-Sahara countries over the last decade and correlate them against four indicators reflecting the country-specific importance of fish trade, industrial and small-scale fisheries in the economy of Sub- Sahara Africa. Our statistical analysis shows that when sub-Sahara countries’ data are considered at the macro-economic level the fear that fish trade may affect negatively fish food security is not substantiated by any statistical evidences. At the same time the analysis also shows no evidence to support the claim that international fish trade contributes effectively to national economic development and/or wellbeing. The last section of the paper discusses the various possible reasons for this apparent lack of correlation and highlights the respective flaws underlying the two opposite discourse about the role of fish trade in national development and food security.
Subject Descriptors: Trade; Food security; Food fish; Developing countries; Economic analysis

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BDCD #1 2008 (Publication Type: Post Card)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2008 ) How fishing farming is reducing poverty and hunger in Africa. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center, CD-ROM.
Postcard with CD-ROM.

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R 2008-12 (Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Kambewa, E.; Ingenbleek, P.; Van Tilburg, A. ( 2008 ) Improving income positions of primary producers in international marketing channels: the Lake Victoria EU Nile perch case. ISSN 0276-1467.
Journal of Macromarketing 28(1):53-67 2008.
Although fair distribution of incomes within marketing channels and systems receives increasing attention in companies' corporate social responsibility policies, the marketing literature offers few insights that may be helpful to initiate projects that improve incomes of primary producers in mainstream marketing channels. This article deals with the question of how projects that aim at increasing primary producers' incomes can be initiated in mainstream marketing channels: Who is the channel member that is best suited to take initiative, and why should it be this partner? The study analyzes problems at primary levels of a fresh fish channel from East Africa to the European Union, and it examines from downstream whether channel partners are aware of the problems and how responsible they feel for them, and it assesses their willingness to take action. Propositions on the initiation of projects that improve primary producers' incomes are developed and implications are discussed.
Subject Descriptors: Marketing; Fishermen; Sustainability; Trade

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(Publication Type: FAO report paper (Refereed))
Njock, N.C.; Allison, E.H. ( 2008 ) Institutional innovations in fisheries co-management. ISSN 2070-7010.
p. 67-84. In: Westlund, L., Holvoet, K., Kébé, M (eds.) Achieving poverty reduction through responsible fisheries: lessons from West and Central Africa. FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper 513. FAO, Rome.
The chapter discusses the SELP (Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Programme)'s co-management experiences-both in inland water areas in West Africa and on the Atlantic coast, and underlies the importances of addessing social exclusion and vulnerability factors as well as creating incentives to enable poor people to take part in resource management.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Béné, C.; Bandi, B.; Durville, F. ( 2008 ) Liberalization reform, "Neo-centralism", and black market: the political diseconomy of Lake Nasser fishery development. ISSN 1965-0175.
Water Alternatives 1(2):219-235.
Despite its relatively modest importance, and the current difficulties faced by the government in implementing liberalization in the rest of the country, the Egyptian government decided to embark on a reform of the Lake Nasser fishery in the early 2000s. The objective of this article is to analyse the evolution of this reform from a political economy perspective. The paper looks retrospectively at the general context of the reform, describes the different institutioinal and economic changes that have resulted from its realization, identifies how the distribution of power between the different actors has altered the course of its implementation, and finally assesses the outcomes of the reform. The analysis shows that, while some major institutional changes have taken place, those changes have had little to do with a 'liberalization' as conventionally understood in neo-classical literature. Instead, the new status quo turns out to be one where the central government and its different parastatal agencies have managed to maintain their existing advantages. The failure to reform more thoroughly the system also led fishers and fish traders to engage in a large scale black market activity in which a substantial amount of fish is smuggled through unofficial trade channels.
Subject Descriptors: Small scale aquaculture; Political aspects; Governments; Policies

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(Publication Type: FAO report)
Bartley, D.M.; Brummett, R.; Moehl, J.; Ólafasson, E.; Ponzoni, R.; Pullin, R.S.V. (eds.) ( 2008 ) Pioneering fish genetic resource management and seed dissemination programmes for Africa: adapting principles of selective breeding to the improvement of aquaculture in the Volta Basin and surrounding areas. Rome: FAO, 194 p. (CIFAA occasional paper; no. 29.) ISBN 978-92-5-005931-0. ISSN 1997-9215.
This document represents the report and contributed papers from the workshop Pioneering Fish Genetic Resource Management and Seed Dissemination Programmes for Africa: Adapting principles of selective breeding to the improvement of aquaculture in the Volta Basin, convened in Accra, Ghana 27-30 March 2007.
Subject Descriptors: Biotechnology; Genetics; Food fish; Aquaculture

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SH207 CP6 #1889 2008 (Publication Type: Conference Proceedings)
Ponzoni, R.W.; Nguyen, N.H. (eds.) ( 2008 ) Proceedings of a Workshop on the Development of a Genetic Improvement Program for African Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center, 130 p. (WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings; 1889.) ISBN 978-983-2346-68-5.
This proceedings include papers present at the workshop held from 5 to 9th Nov 2007 in Accra, Ghana. The areas cover 1)the present state of the catfish industry in Africa 2)Catfish reproductive management and grow out 3)Catfish nutrition and feeds 4)The application of genetic principles to catfish genetic improvement programs 5)Recommendations on how to best approach the issue of genetic improvement programs for catfish.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Biotechnology; Reproduction; Biological production; Nutrition

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(Publication Type: Issues Brief)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2008 ) Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture.
Issues brief; 1894. Penang, Malaysia. 8 p.
The contents of this brief are drawn from the results of the project "Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia. Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture is a suite of decision-support tools that use integrated mapping of the factors that affect aquaculture to help policy makers, planners, managers, researchers and extension workers.

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SH207 SR76 #1872 (Publication Type: Studies and Reviews)
Dey, M.M.; Bose, M.L.; Alam, M.F. ( 2008 ) Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture: country case study: development and status of freshwater aquaculture in Bangladesh. ISBN 978-983-2346-70-8.
WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews 1872. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 73 p.
This report is an output of the project “Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia”. The project was funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany.
This report is an output of the project “Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia”. This monograph is the case study for Bangladesh. Written in three parts, it describes the historical background, practices, stakeholder profiles, production levels, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and prospects for aquaculture in the country. First, it documents the history and current status of the aquaculture in the country. Second, it assesses the technologies and approaches that either succeeded or failed to foster aquaculture development and discusses why. Third, it identifies the key reasons for aquaculture adoption.
Subject Descriptors: Freshwater aquaculture; Economic analysis; Trade; Ecosystems; Pond culture; Fish consumption; Food security; Policies; Regulations; Legislation; Socioeconomic aspects; Yield

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SH207 SR76 #1871 (Publication Type: Studies and Reviews)
Pouomogne, V.; Pemsl, D.E. ( 2008 ) Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture: country case study: development and status of freshwater aquaculture in Cameroon. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center, 60 p. (WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews; 1871.) ISBN 978-983-2346-65-4.
This report is an output of the project “Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia”. The project was funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany.
This report is an output of the project “Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia”. This monograph is the case study for Cameroon. Written in three parts, it describes the historical background, practices, stakeholder profiles, production levels, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and prospects for aquaculture in the country. First, it documents the history and current status of the aquaculture in the country. Second, it assesses the technologies and approaches that either succeeded or failed to foster aquaculture development and discusses why. Third, it identifies the key reasons for aquaculture adoption.
Subject Descriptors: Freshwater aquaculture; Policies; Economic analysis; Marketing; Trade; Research; Fishery industry

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SH207 SR76 #1869 (Publication Type: Studies and Reviews)
Russell, A.J.M.; Grötz, P.A.; Kriesemer, S.K.; Pemsl, D.E. ( 2008 ) Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture: country case study: development and status of freshwater aquaculture in Malawi. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center, 52 p. (WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews; 1869.) ISBN 978-983-2346-64-7.
This publication is one of four country case studies conducted under the research project “Determination of high-potential aquaculture development areas and impact in Africa and Asia”.
This monograph is a result of a 3-year project to produce a decision-support toolkit with supporting databases and case studies to help researchers, planners and extension agents working on freshwater pond aquaculture. The purpose of the work was to provide tools and information to help practitioners identify places and conditions where pond aquaculture can benefit the poor, both as producers and as consumers of fish. This monograph is the case study for Malawi. Written in three parts, it describes the historical background, practices, stakeholder profiles, production levels, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and prospects for aquaculture in the country. First, it documents the history and current status of the aquaculture in the country. Second, it assesses the technologies and approaches that either succeeded or failed to foster aquaculture development and discusses why. Third, it identifies the key reasons for aquaculture adoption.
Subject Descriptors: Pond culture; Freshwater aquaculture; Policies; Economic analysis; Marketing; Trade

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(Publication Type: Flyer)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2008 ) Reducing poverty and hunger through fisheries and aquaculture in Africa. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center,
WordFish Center Flyer 1895. Penang, Malaysia.
This flyer highlights the role WorldFish can play with key partners in Africa to reduce hunger and poverty through fisheries and aquaculture by expanding sustainable aquaculture and ensuring the productivity and sustainability of small scale fisheries.

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SH207 SR76 #1836 2008 (Publication Type: Studies and Reviews)
Neiland, A.E.; Béné, C. (eds.) ( 2008 ) Tropical river fisheries valuation: background papers to a global synthesis. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center, 290 p. (Studies and Reviews; 1836.) ISBN 978-983-2346-61-6.
This report is a compilation of five regional reviews that document the global status of tropical rivers and inland fisheries in three continents: Latin America, Africa and Asia. It explores the role of valuation methods and their contribution to policy making and river fishery management.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; River basin management; River fisheries; Fresh water

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BDCD #3 2008 (Publication Type: Audio/Visual)
WorldFish Center. ( 2008 ) WorldFish video news release: Malawi, Indonesia. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center,
This CD contains 2 video clips: 1. Fish farming supports HIV-affected families in Africa (Malawi). 2. Fish for life: rehabilitating lives after natural disasters (Indonesia). The 2 clips are also available via Google Youtube.

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(Publication Type: Briefs)
WorldFish Center. ( 2007 ) Africa's age of aquarium: farming ornamental fish in the rainforest of West Africa to improve livelihoods of the poor. Penang: WorldFish Center, 4 p. (Lesson learned; no. 1706.)
The ornamental fish trade has great scope for development. At present it is dominated by a small number of middle-men with little focus on sustainability or careful management of fish. This “Lessons Learned” document outlines how commercially sound and environmentally sustainable trade in non-timber forest products is a viable means of conserving rainforest ecosystems and sustaining traditional livelihoods.

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(Publication Type: Brochure; Corporate)
( 2007 ) China and the Worldfish Center pooling resources. Penang: WorldFish Center, 8 p.
WorldFish has renewed its partnership specifically to make aquaculture more productive, profitable and environmentally sustainable in China, tropical Asia and Africa. This brochure documents our previous work in China and expands on our future collaborative projects.

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R 2007-27 (Publication Type: Article (non-Refeered))
Brummett, R.E. ( 2007 ) Collective marketing may help small-scale fish farmers in Africa.
Global Aquaculture Advocate 10(5):48-49.
Studies in Cameroon have found that aquafarmers with closer access to urban markets were able to sell much higher quantities of fish at higher prices. In recent research on collective marketing involving 32 rural fish farmers, 12 made a profit, which sparked further local interest in the concept.
Subject Descriptors: Small scale aquaculture; Fishermen; Marketing; Trade

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(Publication Type: Report)
Béné, C. ( 2007 ) Diagnostic study of the Volta Basin fisheries: Part 1 overview of the fisheries resources. Cairo: WorldFish Center, 31 p. (Volta Basin focal project report; 6.)
CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food.
The Basin Focal Project for the Volta (BFP-Volta) is a research project funded by the Challenge Programme on Water and Food (CPWF). Its aim is to provide an in-depth analysis of the basin through three main thematic issues: water-poverty, water availability/use and water productivity. The overall objective of the BFP-Volta is to contribute to the main goal of the CPWF, that is, to alleviate poverty through better management of water in order to enhance agricultural productivity and environment conservation. In this context, the WorldFish Center has been commissioned to produce a series of two complementary reports focusing more specifically on the fisheries resources and the link that may exist between poverty and fisheries in the Volta basin. The present report is the first of these two documents. It should be seen as a preliminary analysis presenting a background of the fisheries resources in the Volta Basin essentially from a biological perspective. Its specific objective is to conduct a diagnostic analysis of the status of the Volta basin’s inland fisheries, with a particular focus on the biological productivity of the various water bodies existing in the basin. Whenever possible, the diagnostic will be proposed in relation to the current exploitation rate of the fisheries resources. The analysis will include the Volta Lake, but also the other hydropower reservoirs, rivers, floodplains, and the numerous small-scale seasonal or permanent ponds that are scattered throughout the basin. Particular attention will be paid, however, to Lake Volta, reflecting the large number of fishery-dependent communities that live on its shores. The report will also concentrate on two countries within the basin: Ghana and Burkina Faso as together they cover more than 83% of the total basin surface.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery resources; Inland fisheries; Dams

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(Publication Type: Report)
Béné, C.; Russell, A.J.M. ( 2007 ) Diagnostic study of the Volta Basin fisheries: Part 2 Livelihoods and poverty analysis, current trends and projections. Cairo: WorldFish Center, 67 p. (Volta Basin focal project report; 7.)
CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food.
The Basin Focal Project for the Volta (BFP-Volta) is a research project funded by the Challenge Programme on Water and Food (CPWF). Its aim is to provide an in-depth analysis of issues related to water in the Volta Basin through three main thematic issues: water-poverty, water availability/use and water productivity. The overall objective of the BFP-Volta is to contribute to the main goal of the CPWF, that is, to alleviate poverty through better management of water in order to enhance agricultural productivity and environment conservation. In this context, the WorldFish Center has been commissioned by the BFP-Volta to produce a report focusing more specifically on the fisheries resources and the link that may exist between poverty and those fisheries in the Volta basin. The present document is the second part of this report. Its main objective is to conduct a socioeconomic and poverty analysis of the fishing communities living in the Volta Basin, based on an assessment of the current situation and potential future changes.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery resources; Inland fisheries; Dams

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Allison, E.H.; Andrew, N.L.; Oliver, J. ( 2007 ) Enhancing the resilience of inland fisheries and aquaculture systems to climate change.
Journal of SAT Agricultural Research 4(1) Dec 2007.
Online journal.
Some of the most important inland fisheries in the World are found in semi-arid regions. Production systems and livelihoods in arid and semi-arid areas are at risk from future climate variability and change; their fisheries are no exception. This paper reviews the importance of fisheries to livelihoods in ‘wetlands in drylands’, with a focus on case-studies in Africa. We examine the threats posed by climate change to the traditional ‘tri-economy’ of fishing, farming and livestock herding. Although both livelihood strategies and local institutions are highly adapted to cope with, and benefit from, climate-induced variability, weaknesses in the wider governance and macro-economic environment mean that the overall adaptive capacity of these regions is low and the farmer-herder-fishers are vulnerable to projected climate change. In order to maintain the important nutritional, economic, cultural and social benefits of fisheries in the face of climate change, planned adaptation at scales from the local to the regional (trans-national) is required. We use the concept of resilience in linked social-ecological systems to examine how such responses may be developed and promoted. Key strategies include facilitating people’s geographical and occupational mobility, improving intersectoral water and land-use planning, and promoting forms of aquaculture that help build resilience of farming systems to seasonal and episodic water deficits.

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R 2007-20 (Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Westaway, E.; Seeley, J.; Allison, E. ( 2007 ) Feckless and reckless or forbearing and resourceful? Looking behind the stereotypes of HIV and AIDS in "fishing communities"
Africa Affairs 106(425) 2007 pp. 663-679.
Over the last decade evidence has emerged suggesting that in many countries fisherfolk, as an occupational group, are at greater risk to HIV and AIDS than the general adult population. This high vulnerability has been explained in terms of the lifestyles associated with fishing and related occupations, such as fish processing and trading. Fishermen have been portrayed as risk takers, their attitudes and behaviour shaped by the physical and economic risks of the fishing lifestyle. Women in fishing communities, often engaged in fish processing and trading and providing food and lodging in fishing settlements, are portrayed as being in subordinate social and economic positions and prey to sexual exploitation by cash-rich fishermen. There is a danger in such lifestyle summaries that fisherfolk are characterized as feckless risk takers with a reckless attitude to the chance of contracting HIV. In this article we look at the lives of some men, women, and children living in a lake-side community in Uganda severely affected by HIV and AIDS to illustrate how existing portrayals of fisherfolk, and fishing communities, need to avoid stereotypes in order to better inform appropriate health sector and livelihood support measures.
Subject Descriptors: Fishermen; AIDS (Disease)

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R 2007-47 (Publication Type: Reviews (Refereed))
Thorpe, A.; Andrew, N.L.; Allison, E.H. ( 2007 ) Fisheries and poverty reduction.
CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2. no.085 2007, 12 p.
The purpose of this review is to review historic and contemporary research into fisher poverty. Our review commences by acknowledging the paucity of studies on the levels of (income) poverty within the sector and highlights the fact that, somewhat paradoxically, a growing number of studies are suggesting that average incomes for fishing households outstrip those recorded by non-fishing households in the same areas. Nevertheless, these findings must be qualified as poverty cannot be captured exclusively in income terms – and social manifestations of poverty (low literacy levels, reduced access to health care, education, water and sanitation facilities) may be more acute within the fisheries sector. Equally, while fisher households may be more vulnerable (given their lifestyles/location) to exogenous shocks (such as tsunamis), the sector is not a homogenous one and factors such as technological change may also induce the impoverishment of certain subgroups of fishers over time. As a consequence, fisher households have derived a variety of coping mechanisms, mechanisms which (we argue) militate against considering ‘fishing’ as an activity in isolation from other facets of the household livelihood strategy. One response, as we note, to this has been the application of livelihoods analysis as a technique for assessing (and redressing) fisher poverty. Championed initially by the Sustainable Livelihoods Fisheries Programme (SFLP) operating in West Africa from 1999 to 2006, the technique has subsequently been deployed in a number of other regions/fisheries. Our review then moves on to assess how interventions within the fisheries sector can contribute to fisher poverty reduction. At the macroeconomic level, while the emphasis historically has been on the sector’s contribution to domestic nutritional requirements and the goal of food security, more recent research has examined the prioritization of the sector within national development plans and poverty reduction strategies. At the microeconomic level, we provide two contrasting examples to show that, while poverty-reducing policy interventions are to be welcomed at the local level, the heterogeneity of the local environment militates against the prescription of a ‘one size fits all’ approach to poverty reduction. This theme is picked up in the concluding comments of the review, where directions for further research are also highlighted.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Aquaculture; Poverty

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R 2007-55 (Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Article)
Brummett, R.E. ( 2007 ) Freshwater fish seed resources and supply: Africa regional synthesis.
p. 41-58. In: M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (ed.). Assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. FAO fisheries technical paper. no. 501. Rome, FAO. 628 p.
The availability and quality of fingerlings for stocking in aquaculture ponds have repeatedly been identified as a key constraint to the development of aquaculture in Africa. Government hatcheries have generally failed to achieve sustainability and the private sector is impeded by the lack of marketing information and appropriate technological assistance. At present, the main aquaculture species in the continent are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). While the tilapias are easy to reproduce on-farm, poor broodstock management had resulted in reduced growth rates in many captive populations. Catfish are mostly reproduced in hatcheries, but availability of broodstock and high mortality rates in larvae are key problems still requiring research. Of the countries reviewed, Egypt (1.2 billion tilapia and 250 million carp fingerlings produced) and Nigeria (30 million fingerlings produced) report the highest number of modern private commercial hatcheries, although most of these are unregulated and lack accreditation and certification systems. Ghana, Cameroon, Uganda and Zimbabwe rely almost entirely on semi-commercial systems producing unreliable quantities and quality of seed. Interventions to improve the quality of extension services, make credit more available and build partnerships between public and private sectors to address key researchable topics are recommended to improve the availability of fish seed to African fish farmers.
Subject Descriptors: Fingerlings; Hatcheries; Seeding (aquaculture)

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(Publication Type: Factsheet; Briefs)
Kam, S.P.; Teoh, S.J.; Pouomogne, V.; Sandjoh, R.V. ( 2007 ) GIS mapping of pond aquaculture potential in southern Cameroon, Africa. Penang: WorldFish Center, 1 p.
[WorldIFish handout; no. 1721]

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(Publication Type: Factsheet; Briefs)
Kam, S.P.; Teoh, S.J.; Khota, G.; Kanyerere, G. ( 2007 ) GIS mapping of pond aquaculture potential in southern Malawi, Africa. Penang: WorldFish Center, 1 p.
[WorldFish handout; no. 1722]

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R 2007-26 (Publication Type: Non refereed Conference-Symposium Proceedings)
Brummett, R.E. ( 2007 ) Indigenous species for African aquaculture development.
p. 229-245. In: T.M Bert (ed.). Ecological and genetic implications of aquaculture activities. Springer.
From the history of introductions and the development of successful aquaculture elsewhere, it appears that the use of exotic species to speed up the rate of aquaculture development in Africa is unlikely to be an efficacious strategy. The major sustained aquaculture industries worldwide evolved from close working relationships between pioneering investors and local research-and-development institutions. The use of indigenous species avoids many environmental risks, facilitates broodstock and hatchery management at the farm level, and can increase the effectiveness of selective breeding programs. Public-sector involvement in the domestication and marketing of indigenous species can strengthen research, development, and education; broaden the range of investors; create more jobs; and increase the social benefits accruing as a result of aquaculture development.
Subject Descriptors: Introduced species; Migratory species; Endemic species; Environmental impact; Biotechnology; Genetics; Genomes

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(Publication Type: Media Release)
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. ( 2007 ) Media coverage of the WorldFish Center's fish farming in Malawi project. CGIAR, 63 p.
Subject Descriptors: AIDS; HIV

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(Publication Type: Technical reports)
Bartley, D.M.; Brummett, R.; Moehl, J.; Ólafsson, E.; Ponzoni, R.; Pullin, R.S.V. (eds.) ( 2007 ) Pioneering fish genetic resource management and seed dissemination programmes for Africa: adapting principles of selective breeding to the improvement of aquaculture in the Volta Basin and surrounding areas. Rome: FAO, 194 p. (CIFA occasional paper; no. 29.) ISSN 1014-2452.
This document represents the report and contributed papers from a workshop of the same name. The workshop was comprised of a group of 30 international experts and representatives of the environmental, fisheries and policy development agencies of the countries in the Volta Basin.
Subject Descriptors: Biotechnology; Genetics; Food fish; Aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Policy brief)
WorldFish Center. ( 2007 ) Policy on the transfer of genetically improved Farm Tilapia (GIFT) from Asia to Africa by the WorldFish Center. 3 p.
Policy on transfer of GIFT from Asia to Africa. An internal document from WorldFish Center.

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R 2007-51 (Publication Type: Book chapter)
Charo-Karisa, H.; Henk, B.; Rezk, M.A.; Komen, H. ( 2007 ) Selecting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for growth in low-input environments. Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers,
In: van der Zijpp, A.J. ; Verreth, J.A.J. ; Le Quang Tri ; van Mensvoort, M.E.F. ; Bosma, R.H. ; Beveridge, M.C.M. (eds.). Fishponds in farming systems. pp. 25-36.
This chapter presents the results from a selective breeding experiment with Nile tilapia in a low input pond environment. The environment was defined as low input as the pond only received chicken manure for fertilisation. No pellets were given to the fish during larval rearing or grow out. The results show that good growth can be obtained under these conditions. Heritability for growth was high (0.6) and harvest body weight almost doubled over two generations of selection. A conclusion is that selecting Nile tilapia in low-input environments is cheap and sustainable and can be particularly relevant for resource-poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa.

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R 2007-31 (Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Saiti, F.; Jamu, D.M.; Chisala, B.; Kambewa, P. ( 2007 ) Simulation of optimal harvesting strategies for small-scale mixed-sex tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus Boulenger 1896) ponds using a bio-economic model.
Aquaculture research 38:340-350.
A cohort-based bio-economic biomass growth and economic model, validated with data from experiments conducted in Malawi, was used to identify an optimal harvesting strategy for mixed-sex tilapia ponds.Three harvesting scenarios (baseline, economic optimum time +10 days and economic optimum time) were used. In each harvesting scenario four options were explored: (i) no further harvest, harvest every (ii) 60 days, (iii) 90 days and (iv) 120 days after initial harvest. The lowest simulated yield (487 kg ha-1 year-1) was obtained when no partial harvesting was carried out and fish were harvested after 365 days. Maximum yield (4416 kg ha-1year-1) was obtained when partial harvests were carried out every 90 days starting with a first harvest of fish weighing 60 g or more at day 90. Maximum financial returns (US$2561 ha-1year-1) were obtained when partial harvests were carried out every 120 days starting with the first harvest at day 90 and removing all fish >= 60 g. The model simulations indicate that mixed-sex tilapia culture may be profitable for tilapia farmers in Africa where markets accept small (60-150 g)-sized fish. The study further shows that a cohort-based population growth model can be reliably incorporated in tilapia production models to simulate fish yields in mixed-sex tilapia production systems. However, incorporation of intergenerational competition e¡ects could improve the model’s utility as a decision support tool for managing mixed-sex tilapia production.
Subject Descriptors: Economic models; Biomass; Harvesting

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(Publication Type: Refereed Conference-Symposium Proceedings)
Brummett, R.E.; Teugels, G.G. ( 2007 ) Socioeconomic and ecological considerations in the management of Lower Guinea rainforest rivers.
Journal of afrotropical zoology (special issue):19-38.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on African Fish and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin, 10-14 Nov 2003.
Low order rainforest streams in Central Africa represent the largest single riverine ecosystem on the continent. Of the 8 million people who live in the Lower Guinea Rainforest, nearly 20% are more or less fulltime fishers and 90% fish at least seasonally. Estimates from Cameroon put the productivity of capture fisheries in forest rivers basins at 0.5 tons/km2/yr or 260 000 tons with a cash value of over $500 million per year. The peculiar ecology of rainforest rivers generates and protects high levels of fish and other biodiversity, only a small percentage of which can be exploited directly for food. However, the retail value of many African rainforest fishes in the international ornamental fish trade is high, wholesaling for an average of $2.43 per fish. Despite these high values and reported high demand in Europe, the US and Asia, African fishes are in short supply due to the difficulty involved in their capture, holding and transport and the difficulty that overseas commercial breeders have had with their reproduction in captivity. To compete with established fish exporters and ensure that the resource is optimally exploited WorldFish is currently working with fishing communities in SW Cameroon rivers in Cameroon to organize villages, develop a business plan, establish protocols for culture of rare fishes and put in place an environmental monitoring plan to ensure sustainability.
Subject Descriptors: Ornamental fish; Sustainable exploitation

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(Publication Type: Policy Brief)
WorldFish Center. ( 2006 ) Code of practice and manual of procedures for the introduction of GIFT to Africa. Penang: 12 p.

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(Publication Type: Book chapter)
Dey, M.M.; Prein, M. ( 2006 ) Community-Based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains. Rome: FAO,
In: Integrated irrigation and aquaculture in West Africa: concepts, practices and potential, pp. 17-26.

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Dugan, P.J.; Dey, M.M.; Sugunan, V.V. WorldFish Center. ( 2006 ) Fisheries and water productivity in tropical river basins: Enhancing food security and livelihoods by managing water for fish.
Agricultural Water Management 80(1/3):262-275.
Faced with growing pressure upon freshwater resources, increased water productivity in agriculture is essential. Efforts to do so however need to consider the wider role of water in sustaining food production. This paper considers the importance of water management in sustaining fish production in tropical river basins, and the potential for enhancing food production and income to farmers by integrating fish production into some farming systems. Specific examples from selected river systems and irrigated farming systems in Africa and Asia are provided. These highlight the benefits of integrating the water requirements for fish into water allocation decisions. In some cases, these benefits can be realised without any reduction in the water available for other purposes, while in others, a trade-off needs to be considered. The nature of these trade-offs needs to be better understood for better decision making in water management.

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(Publication Type: FAO Report)
Moehl, J.; Brummett, R.; Ponzoni, R. ( 2006 ) Genetic management of aquaculture stocks in sub-Saharan Africa. Rome: FAO, 55 p. (CIFA occasional paper; no. 27.) ISSN 1014-2452.
Only PDF copy is available.
This document is a report of a workshop on genetic resource management in sub-Saharan Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Fingerlings; Seed (aquaculture); Brood stocks

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Casal, C.M.V. ( 2006 ) Global documentation of fish introductions: the growing crisis and recommendations for action.
Biological Invasions 8(1) 2006 pp. 3-11.
Fish provides 15% of the total animal protein in human diets. It is also the primary source of livelihood for 35 million people (30 M in Asia and 2.6 M in Africa). The increase in global population and demand for fish protein cannot be met by capture fisheries alone. Governments are turning towards aquaculture as the source of fish protein. However, it has also led to the introduction and establishment of non-native species in local ecosystems through their escapement from aquaculture facilities to the wild. In freshwater ecosystems with relatively high endemism, this has become a significant problem. Documenting the international movement of fish is one way of providing a general view of the magnitude of these movements and the existing and potential threat faced by ecosystems due to species invasiveness. Information, however, is limited and scattered in different journals and agency/project reports. Several agencies, both local and international, have databases that provide information on invasive species (terrestrial and aquatic, local, regional or international in scope). The critical challenge is for consolidation, common access through data sharing and development of risk assessment and management tools. This is proposed through the use of Internet technology, sharing of databases or having a gateway or portal to which all introduced and invasive fish species related databases link. The fusion of these information sources will allow access to updated and reliable information. The experience of the WorldFish Center in documenting these phenomena through developing the FishBase information system and global partnerships is presented with recommendations for harmonizing approaches.

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(Publication Type: Studies and Reviews)
Moehl, J.; Brummett, R.E.; Boniface, M.K.; Coche, A. WorldFish Center. ( 2006 ) Guiding Principles for Promoting Aquaculture in Africa: benchmarks for sustainable development.
FAO 2006 /CIFA Occassional Paper 28.

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Dey, M.M.; Kambewa, P.; Prein, M.; Jamu, D.; Paraguas, F.J.; Pemsl, D.E.; Briones, R.M. WorldFish Center. ( 2006 ) Impact of development and dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi.
NAGA 29(1/2):28-35.
Malawi is a small but densely populated country in Southern Africa. Fish is an important part of the nutrition of Malawians, providing essential protein and micronutrients. However, per capita fish consumption has halved over the ten-year period between 1988 to 1998 due to over-fishing in the lakes and doubling of the population since the 1970s, accompanied by an increase in the price of fish. This has worsened access to food insecurity, especially in rural areas, in a country where an estimated 66 per cent of the population consume less than the minimum daily calorie requirement. This paper presents an ex-post impact assessment of the development and dissemination of smallscale integrated aquaculture-agriculture technologies by The WorldFish Center and its national and international partners over more than 15 years in Malawi. The impact study measures the effects of these outputs on the degree of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) technology adoption and diffusion, the effects on farm income and health of household members, and the welfare effects of increased fish supply on the Malawian economy.
Subject Descriptors: Agropisciculture; Aquaculture techniques; Evaluation

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(Publication Type: Non-refereed Journal Article)
Witt, R.; Chiwaula, L.; Bènè, C.; Waibel, H.; Pemel, D. ( 2006 ) Methodology for economic valuation of food security and vulnerability to poverty for inland fisheries in Africa.
Prosperity and Poverty in a Globalized World, Tropentag, October 11-13, 2006. University of Bonn, Germany.
For equivalent full-text. Please refer to the title: Technical guidelines for economic valuation of inland small-scale fisheries in developing countries.
Fish play an increasingly important role in national and local economies of many developing countries. Africa’s rivers, wetlands and lakes are especially important for poor rural households for whom they provide employment and income opportunities in areas where other economic alternatives are scarce or inexistent. They also provide nutritional safetynets in these regions with limited roads and access to market. However, policy makers and regional decision makers tend to underrate fisheries, in particular inland small-scale fisheries. Often preference is given to large-scale irrigation projects, in an attempt to increase agricultural productivity, or to electricity-generating dam projects, without necessarily recognising and integrating the role played by smallscale fisheries for local economic development and food security. This study contributes to an economic assessment of the food safety value of inland fisheries. The objectives are (1) to develop an adapted portfolio of methodologies for inland fisheries valuation, and (2) to conduct an in-depth socio-economic study in the Lake Chad Basin, more precisely, in Cameroon and Nigeria. The paper presents a methodology that captures the following: Using the Vulnerability as Expected Poverty concept, the susceptibility of fishery dependent households to micro and macro shocks will be assessed. The computation of a vulnerability scale is expected to clarify the relationships between fishery-related activities and poverty as well as between socio-political determinants and poverty. The methodology will be applied in the context of an empirical study carried out in collaboration with the WorldFish Centre, in five African countries: Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, Malawi and Zambia.
Subject Descriptors: Economic analysis; Livelihoods; Food security; Fisheries

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(Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
WorldFish Center; Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives (Republic of Zambia); National Aids Council. ( 2006 ) Proceedings of the international workshop responding to HIV and AIDS in the fishery sector in Africa. Cairo (Egypt) WorldFish Center, 97 p.
Subject Descriptors: HIV (Viruses); Fisheries

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Prein, M.; Brummett, R. ( 2006 ) The WorldFish center and its relevance for integrated irrigation and aquaculture.
p. 161-164. In M. Halwart & A.A. van Dam, eds. Integrated irrigation and aquaculture in West Africa: concepts, practices and potential. Rome, FAO. 181 pp.

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SH206 P29 C33 2005 (Publication Type: Brochure)
The WorldFish Center. ( 2005 ) Africa's age of aquarium : the dawning of ornamental fish culture - a high value livelihood option for vulnerable communities. Penang: The WorldFish Center ; CSO, 1 p.
Subject Descriptors: Ornamental fish

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(Publication Type: Article)
Williams, M.J.; Nandeesha, M.C.; Choo, P.S. ( 2005 ) Changing traditions: first global look at the gender dimensions of fisheries.
NAGA 28(1/2): 33-36.
The Asian Fisheries Society and the WorldFish Center conducted the first ever Global Symposium on Gender and Fisheries in Penang, Malaysia, from 30 November to 4 December 2004. The two-day Symposium, held in conjunction with the 7th Asian Fisheries Forum, attracted 30 papers by over 100 authors and strong audience discussions that covered countries from Kiribati, through Asia Pacific, Africa, Europe and to the Arctic. The flavor of the Symposium was of changing traditions and recognition of the contributions of different groups to fisheries.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Freshwater aquaculture; Women

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(Publication Type: Article)
Shoko, A.P.A.; Ngowo, R.R.; Waya, R.K. ( 2005 ) Deleterious effects of non-native species introduced into Lake Victoria, East Africa.
NAGA 28(3/4): 27-32.
Lake Victoria, in East Africa, has suffered from introductions and invasions of non-native species such as Lates niloticus, various tilapiine species, and Eichornia crassipes since the 1950s. These have had a devastating effect on the natural biological communities. This paper reviews the effects of the introductions on ecology, environment, fisheries and the local human population.
Subject Descriptors: Introduced species; Ecological crisis

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WF PB #2 (Publication Type: Briefs)
Heck, S.; Béné, C. ( 2005 ) Fish and food security in Africa. Cairo: WorldFish Center, 11 p.
Subject Descriptors: Food fish; Food security

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(Publication Type: Article)
Bene, C.; Heck, S. ( 2005 ) Fish and food security in Africa.
NAGA 28(3/4): 8-13.
Subject Descriptors: Fish; Food security

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WF PB #3 (Publication Type: Briefs)
Béné, C.; Heck, S. ( 2005 ) Fisheries and the millennium development goals : solutions for Africa. Cairo: WorldFish Center, 9 p.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries

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(Publication Type: Article)
Béné, C.; Heck, S. ( 2005 ) Fisheries and the millennium development goals: solutions for Africa.
NAGA 28(3/4): 14-18.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Development

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(Publication Type: Article)
Feidi, I.H. ( 2005 ) The fisheries of Zanzibar: potential for new investments.
NAGA 28(3/4): 37-40.
Zanzibar, one of the poorest areas of sub-Saharan Africa, has a good potential for foreign investment in offshore (EEZ) marine capture fisheries, in aquaculture and in fi sheries infrastructure. Zanzibar’s fisheries resources could be better managed in an effort to alleviate the poverty of its rural population and to provide food security. At present, Zanzibar’s fisheries are artisanal and its total annual production of fish of just over 20000 t, caught in inshore waters, is consumed locally. The government of Zanzibar has liberalized its policies to make Zanzibar a good environment for foreign investment.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Aquaculture

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Brummett, R.E. ( 2005 ) Freshwater ornamental fishes: a rural livelihoods option for Africa?
p. 132-135. In: Thieme, M.L et al. (eds.) Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Subject Descriptors: Ornanmental fish

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WF PB #4 (Publication Type: Policy brief)
Gordon, A. ( 2005 ) HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector in Africa. Cairo: WorldFish Center, 12 p.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; AIDS (Disease); HIV (Viruses)

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SH206 P29M34 2005 (Publication Type: Brochure)
WorldFish Center. ( 2005 ) Malawi: fighting poverty - impacts from collaborative research in southern Africa. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, 4 pp.
Promotional material produced for the 2005 EPMR.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Aquaculture development; Research programmes; Publicity material

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(Publication Type: Proceedings)
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) ( 2005 ) Proceedings of the NEPAD: Fish for All summit, 22-25 Aug 2005. Abuja, Nigeria. 108 p.
The NEPAD-Fish for All Summit was held on 22–25 August 2005 in Abuja, Nigeria, to draw global attention to the vital role of fisheries and aquaculture in meeting Africa’s development agenda. The Summit achieved its main objectives, which were: 1) to establish a shared understanding among key stakeholders from public, private and civil society sectors of the current status and likely future trends of African fisheries and aquaculture; 2) to agree on priorities for investment in the future development of fisheries and aquaculture in Africa within the context of the NEPAD program; 3) to agree future directions for research and capacity building in support of these investment priorities.
Subject Descriptors: Food security; Inland fisheries; Aquaculture

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(Publication Type: Non refereed Conference-Symposium Proceedings)
Moehl, J.; Halwart M.; Brummett R.E. FAO. ( 2005 ) Report of the FAO-WorldFish Center workshop on Small-Scale Aquaculture in Sub-saharan Africa: Revisiting the Aquaculture Target Group Paradigm.
CIFA occasional paper no. 25. Rome, FAO. 54 p.

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Pouomogne, V.; Yossa, R.; Brummett, R.; Gockowsky, J. ( 2005 ) Utilisation de Tithonia diversifolia et Chromolaena odorata comme fertilisants en étang de pisciculture du tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)=Use of Tithonia diversifolia and Chromolaena odorata as organic fertilisers. ISSN 1813-3320.
Cameroon Journal of Agricultural Science 1(2): 10-15.
The effects of two common weedy grasses in sub-saharan Africa were evaluated as fertilisers in small-scale Nile tilapia ponds for 21 weeks.
Subject Descriptors: Pond culture; Fertilizers

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Brummett, R.E.; Gockowski, J.; Bakwowi, J.; Etaba, A.D. ( 2004 ) Analysis of aquaculture investments in periurban Yaounde, Cameroon.
Aquaculture Economics and Management 8(5/6): 319-328.
To better understand the key components of aquaculture production in periurban Africa, the farming systems and profitability of five semi-intensive fish culture investments within 35 km of the centre of Yaoundé, Cameroon were subjected to economic analysis. Profitability of farms varied considerably. Two farmers lose money each year. Net returns to management on profitable farms ranged from a low of Fcfa 0.3 million, to a high of Fcfa 3.87 million (overall weighted average = Fcfa 0.99 million). Payback period for the initial investment on farms turning a profit ranges from five to 28 years. Only two farms can be considered solOld_ID investments. Nevertheless, the potential of aquaculture systems to be productive and profitable is apparent from the data collected. It is estimated that the five surveyed farms could increase their production from the current 7.6 to at least 44 tons of fish per annum, returning average profits of Fcfa 21.5 million, if basic principles of fish culture were adopted
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture economics

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Pouomogne, V.; Brummett, R.E. ( 2004 ) Aquaculture extension in sub-Saharan Africa. Rome: FAO, 55 p.
FAO Fisheries circular no. 1002.

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Mugabe, J. ( 2004 ) Biodiversity conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: policies, laws and institutions to control/prevent the introduction of alien invasive species. p. 42-46.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
The policy and legal instruments as well as institutional arrangements for the regulation and/or control of the introduction of alien species in Sub-Saharan Africa are reviewed. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have integrated measures to regulate the introduction of alien species into their environmental policies and laws as well as in sectoral instruments (for example, fi sheries laws, forest laws) and national biodiversity strategies and action plans. The challenge that many of these countries face relates to the accumulation of national capabilities to monitor and scientifi cally assess impacts of alien species. Review of national policies, laws and agencies that have either implicit or explicit responsibilities and goals of regulating the introduction of alien invasive species into the environment indicate that countries are devoting considerable attention to issues and concerns associated with the introduction and control of alien species. An analysis of the nature of regional instruments and institutions for the control and/or regulation of the introduction of alien species shows that a body of policies and laws, as well as organizational arrangements, have been put in place to handle the transboundary introduction of alien species. The need to build national and regional scientific and technical expertise and infrastructure to monitor, assess, and regulate the introduction of alien invasive species, is emphasized.
Subject Descriptors: Introduced species; Policies; Regulations; Biodiversity; Risks; Resource conservation

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SH207 CP6B56 2004 (Publication Type: Book)
Abban, E.K.; Casal, C.M.V.; Dugan, P.; Falk, T.M. (eds.) ( 2004 ) Biodiversity, management and utilization of West African fishes. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, ISBN 983-2346-32-0.
The final workshop of a collaborative research project on the biodiversity of tilapias in Africa between the Water Research Institute, the University of Hamburg, the WorldFish Center and GTZ. The present proceedings mainly contain extended abstracts of the papers delivered at the workshop, summaries of discussions, conclusions and recommendations, as well as a list of participants.
Subject Descriptors: Biodiversity; Nature conservation; Fishery management; Fishery resources; Fish; WorldFish Center Contrib. No. 1718

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Miller, L.M.; Kapuscinski, A.R.; Senanan, W. ( 2004 ) A biosafety approach to addressing risks posed by aquaculture escapees. p. 56-65.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Aquaculture operations should include a comprehensive biosafety program because of the risks they may impose on biological resources in the environments into which cultured organisms may escape. Risk assessment incorporates hazard identification and risk analysis. Risk analysis encompasses describing the likelihood that a hazard and its consequences will occur and the severity of realization of a consequence. For aquaculture, four hazards have been identified: escapes of alien species, escapes of alien species that can hybridize with native species, escapes of cultured stocks into populations of the same species, and escapes of genetically engineered organisms. Consequences of the realization of these hazards may affect multiple levels of biodiversity, from genes to populations to communities. For escapes of cultured organisms, possible consequences and their likelihoods are described, along with the consequences that may range from extinction of native species to erosion of genetic diversity among populations. A complete risk management program includes developing risk reduction measures and a monitoring program to determine if such measures are adequate. Monitoring aquaculture operations to detect escapees and their ecological impacts makes it possible to: (i) detect the occurrence of a hazard and initiate remedial efforts to reduce its occurrence and minimize adverse consequences; and (ii) learn more about a given cultured stock’s likelihood of imposing consequences, which can then be applied to the risk analysis of other aquaculture operations. Including all these elements in biosafety programs will lead to systematic evaluation and solid evidence of the degree of ecological safety versus risk of an aquaculture operation, as well as encourage adaptive mid-course corrections in existing biosafety measures and adaptive learning that will improve future biosafety decisions and measures.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Fish culture; Escapement; Risks; Selective breeding; Introduced species; Brood stocks; Health and safety

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Ngoile, M.; Sarunday, W. ( 2004 ) Capacity for conservation of African aquatic biodiversity. p. 36-41.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Human and institutional capacities for developing and managing genetically improved tilapia in Africa are discussed. Discussions are related particularly to the status of hatcheries, rearing facilities, research and extension services, training in genetic enhancement, and fish transfer in major aquaculture countries in Africa. The leading aquaculture producing countries are Egypt and Nigeria along with nine other countries with some intermediate levels of fish production. The availability of quality fry and fingerlings constitutes a major constraint. Hatcheries constructed to increase fry and fingerlings production are non-functional in almost all countries in Africa, except Egypt. Even if these in frastructures are functional, either the production is low or the production cost is so high that fry produced are not accessible. The lack of government commitment and capacity, low priority for the rural aquaculture and insufficient specialized extension agents are some of the constraints to human capaci ty development. Research and extension, development of methods, tools for improved farming and promotion of their adoption by farmers may be some of the solutions to enhance tilapia culture.
Subject Descriptors: Introduced species; Biodiversity; Resource conservation; Resource development; Training

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Yapi-Gnaore, C.V.; Kouassi, N.C.; Assemien, O.S.; Oteme, Z.J. ( 2004 ) Capacity for developing and managing genetically improved strains of tilapia in Africa including broodstock management and quarantine. p. 27-35.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Human and institutional capacities for developing and managing genetically improved tilapia in Africa are discussed. Discussions are related particularly to the status of hatcheries, rearing facilities, research and extension services, training in genetic enhancement, and fish transfer in major aquaculture countries in Africa. The leading aquaculture producing countries are Egypt and Nigeria along with nine other countries with some intermediate levels of fi sh production. The availability of quality fry and fingerlings constitutes a major constraint. Hatcheries constructed to increase fry and fingerlings production are non-functional in almost all countries in Africa, except Egypt. Even if these infrastructures are functional, either the production is low or the production cost is so high that fry produced are not accessible. The lack of government commitment and capacity, low priority for the rural aquaculture and insufficient specialized extension agents are some of the constraints to human capacity development. Research and extension, development of methods, tools for improved farming and promotion of their adoption by farmers may be some of the solutions to enhance tilapia culture.
Subject Descriptors: Fish culture; Aquaculture development; Selective breeding; Tilapia; Hatcheries; Rearing; Feed; Brood stocks; Quarantine regulations regulations; Risks; Aquaculture regulations; Policies

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SH207 CP6 #70 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Ahmed, M.; Chong, C.K.; Cesar, H. (eds.) ( 2004 ) Economic valuation and policy priorities for sustainable management of coral reefs. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, ISBN 983-2346-29-0.
WorldFIsh Center Conf. Proc. (70): 222 p.
Published in 2 formats - CD-ROM and book.
This publication is an outcome of the “International Consultative Workshop for Economic Valuation and Policy Priorities for Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs” held at the WorldFish Center's Headquarters in Penang, Malaysia, 8-10 December 2001.The overall goal of the workshop was to identify future directions for economic and policy research relevant to the sustainable management of coral reefs. The workshop was the final activity of the Valuation and Policy Analysis for Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs project. It was sponsored by the Center's donors and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), with additional support from the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN). The workshop also received support for selected participants from Southeast Asia from the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) and the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). A total of 48 participants from 15 countries located in Southeast and East Asia, the Caribbean, East Africa and the South Pacific Regional Seas contributed to the workshop.
Subject Descriptors: Coral reefs; Marine resources; Socioeconomic aspects; Economic analysis; Recreation; Resource conservation; Resource management

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Béné, C.; Neiland, A.E. ( 2004 ) Empowerment reform, yes ... but empowerment of whom? Fisheries decentralization reforms in developing countries: as critical assessment with specific reference to poverty reduction.
Aquatic Resources, Culture and Development 1(1): 35-49.
In contrast with the previous view, which placed the State as a central element for economic development and progressive social changes, the current literature on development now advocates the role of civil society and community participation and tends to assume that decentralization has generic benefits for sustained improvements of the living standards of people. The most common argument is that decentralization is by definition a mechanism of ‘inclusion’ and ‘empowerment’. In this paper, the authors review experiences of decentralization in common pool resources (CPR) through the specific example of artisanal fisheries. Using case studies of community-based or co-management programmes in small-scale fisheries in West Africa and Asia, the authors show that the relation between decentralization and poverty reduction in CPR-dependent communities may not be as systematic as it is usually pre-supposed by donor agencies, practitioners or even academics. The analysis of some recent case studies even suggest that these CPR decentralization reforms might have further marginalized the indigenous communities that they were initially expected to ‘empower’. On the basis of these empirical observations, the authors then highlight why decentralization within the context of CPR is not about changes in the relationships between local users and natural resources but changes in the (power) relationship between these users and the local institutions that govern access rights and the use of these natural resources. In particular, these examples raise the question of the potential role of local traditional institutions and their contribution to rural poverty alleviation through their involvement in decentralization and community-empowerment reforms.
Subject Descriptors: Decentralization; Developing countries; Poverty

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Khan, A.S.; Mikkola, H.; Brummett, R. ( 2004 ) Feasibility of fisheries co-management in Africa.
Naga 27(1-2): 60-64.
The current, highly centralized approach to fisheries management seems to be incapable of coping with escalating resource depletion and environmental degradation. Co-management has been identified as an alternative. This paper compares various approaches to fisheries management and discusses their performance in relation to the nature of the fishery. It is concluded that in African fisheries, stringent institutional arrangements, poor human, technical and financial resources, and a limited time frame often thwart co-management approaches. However, with the right conditions and prerequisites, comanagement can be successful in improving compliance with regulations and maintaining or enhancing the quality of the resource. The paper brings out the issues that require further research.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Community involvement; Fishery regulations; Sociological aspects

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(Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Article)
Nielsen, J.R.; Degnbol, P.; Viswanathan, K.K.; Ahmed, M.; Hara, M.; Nik Mustapha, R.A. ( 2004 ) Fisheries co-management - an institutional innovation? Lessons from south east Asia and southern Africa.
Marine Policy 28(2) 2004 pp. 151-160.
During the last decade the co-management concept has gained increasing acceptance as a potential way forward to improve fisheries management performance. It has, however, at the same time become increasingly evident that the co-management concept is not clearly defined and means very different things to different people. In this article, we attempt to document experience available from a recent study on fisheries co-management that has researched case studies of various implementations of co-management arrangements in coastal and freshwater fisheries in South East Asia and Southern Africa, and to present a more comprehensive understanding of co-management and to summarise the experiences with both the positive outcomes and the problems in actual implementation.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Community involvement

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Ambali, A.J.D.; Malekano, L.B. ( 2004 ) Genetic improvement with specific reference to tilapia genetic resources in Africa and their use in aquaculture - potential benefits and risks. p. 10-15.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
In comparison to the rest of the world, aquaculture in Africa is fairly insignificant. The continent as a whole contributed a mere 0.9 per cent (404 571 t) to the total world aquaculture production in 2000. The African continent, however, exhibits considerable potential in terms of land and water and in regard to inland, coastal and offshore resources. Genetic improvement of tilapias has a role to play in order to increase aquaculture production. Promotion of such methods as selective breeding, hybridization, chromosome manipulation and gene transfer will help in improving aquaculture production. However, there are controversial issues that must be addressed so that genetic improvement should not compromise the conservation of biological diversity in the wild as well as in aquaculture. This is particularly important for tilapias in Africa where the species are indigenous and need to be conserved. Simple selective breeding of indigenous species within their natural zoogeographical zones would, therefore, offer great opportunity in African aquaculture, so that yield improvement is attained without causing signifi cant genetic deterioration of the wild populations.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Selective breeding; Hybridization; Chromosomes; Biotechnology; Tilapia

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Bartley, D.M.; Marttin, F. ( 2004 ) Introduction of alien species/strains and their impact on biodiversity. p. 16-21.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Africa has been the source of alien species that are widely used in aquaculture and fisheries in many parts of the world, but African aquaculture has not benefited greatly either from the domestication of African species or the introduction of improved breed from elsewhere. In efforts to develop African aquaculture further, there is a desire to reintroduce genetically improved tilapia (primarily Oreochromis niloticus) back into Africa. However, there are risks to native African aquatic biodiversity that must be dealt within the re-introduction of African species. Analyzing these risks in order to make informed decisions will require, inter alia, information; such an information source exists in the FAO Database on Introductions of Aquatic Species (DIAS, http://www.fao.org/fi /statist/fi soft/dias/index.htm). An examination of DIAS revealed that 139 species from 87 genera have been introduced into 42 African countries. Most of these introductions were fi nfi sh (79 per cent). However, 7 per cent were molluscs and 9 per cent were crustaceans. Tilapia is the most important species of fi sh that Africa has contributed to world fi sheries and aquaculture. FAO Fishery statistics reveal that tilapias are farmed in 61 countries outside of Africa (33 in Africa) and these alien tilapia account for 2 per cent of the world aquaculture production. In Africa, tilapia accounts for about 40 per cent of the aquaculture production. The impacts from tilapia introductions vary greatly. The information on the impacts of the introduction is poor, but tilapia introductions into Africa had positive socio-economic benefi ts. There were not many adverse ecological impacts reported in Africa, in spite of the indication that most of the introductions led to self-sustaining populations. Developers concerned with both food security and conservation will need to collect information such as that contained in DIAS, process this into knowledge so that informed decisions can be made, and then develop the wisdom to know when and where to make decisions for the greater good of this and future generations.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Biodiversity; Introduced species; Information handling; Tilapia

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Howard, G.W. ( 2004 ) Invasive species in water-dependent ecosystems. p. 16-21 p. 22-26.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Alien invasive species may cause as much havoc in water-dependent ecosystems, such as wetlands, lakes and rivers, as they do in terrestrial systems. In the aquatic medium they are more diffi cult to detect and eradicate or even to control and there needs to be special effort to avoid such invasions from both alien species and genotypes. This paper describes some of the pathways and impacts of alien and other invasive species in aquatic situations and suggests that the intentional introduction of any species to a new environment should be preceded by a rigorous risk assessment process. The proposed introduction of modifi ed Oreochromis niloticus (such as the GIFT strain which is now an alien genotype in Africa) is discussed in this light with examples of the impacts of introductions of this species in other places. It concludes with a plea that risk assessment must be taken extremely seriously for re-introduction in Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Biodiversity; Introduced species; Information handling; Tilapia; Genotypes

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Jamu, D.; Brummett, R. ( 2004 ) Opportunities and challenges for African aquaculture. p. 1-9.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Starting from a small base, aquaculture production in Africa registered annual growth rates equal to or above those in other regions. This expansion was due to significant increases in a few African countries. Increasing demand coupled with rapidly dwindling catches from capture fisheries, the implementation of novel participatory approaches to technology development and transfer, and the emergence of a few successful large-scale tilapia culture operations directed at the export market offer opportunities for further expansion in both the small-scale and large-scale commercial sectors. Existing biotechnical, economic and institutional challenges, which include lack of national policies to guide aquaculture development, unfriendly investment policies, the absence of linkages between farmers, research/technology development and extension, and unfavorable investment climates, are currently being addressed in a number of African countries. Long-term economic sustainability of African aquaculture will depend on the development and implementation of national policies that ensure the social and environmental sustainability of the industry.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Selective breeding; Socioeconomic aspects; Policies

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(Publication Type: Popular Article)
Brummett, R.E. ( 2004 ) Production priorities overshadow genetic quality at African fish hatcheries.
Global aquaculture advocate Dec 2004 pp. 42-43.
Based largely on FAO programs that address rural poverty, small-scale hatcheries have been developed in Africa to produce catfish and tilapia fingerlings. Production practices that fail to maintain genetic diversity, however, often limit the growth performance of the fingerlings. Growth rates up to 40% lower than those of wild fish potentially cost African farmers over U.S. $200 million a year.
Subject Descriptors: Hatcheries; Small scale aquaculture; Fingerlings; Genetic drift

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
de Moor, I.J. ( 2004 ) Protocols for moving germplasm among countries in Africa. p. 77-92.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
The paper briefly describes the international protocols, codes of practice, and guidelines that have been developed to control the introduction of alien species, with particular reference to genetically modified aquatic organisms. The effectiveness of implementation of these instruments/regulatory measures in southern African countries, with focus on South Africa, is also discussed. Majority of the guide lines and international protocols relating to movement of aquatic alien species and to which the southern African countries are a party have not been followed. Practical measures to address the constraints in implementation of the regulatory measures/national legislations in Africa are suggested.
Subject Descriptors: Introduced species; Aquatic organisms; Biotechnology; International agreements

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Subasinghe, R. ( 2004 ) Quarantine procedures and their implementation. p. 66-76.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Diseases have become one of the most significant constraints to aquaculture development and management worldwide. It is clear that most disease incursions and outbreaks stem from unregulated movement of aquatic animals, with little or no risk assessment and quarantine. The way to reduce the introduction of pathogens and occurrence of disease outbreaks is to apply appropriate international norms, recommendations, and standards that govern safe trans-boundary movement of aquatic animals and animal products. This paper discusses the various international conventions and agreements dealing with safe trans-boundary movement and the requirements for better quarantine as part of the process.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Quarantine regulations regulations; Risks; Biodiversity; Fish diseases; International agreements; Introduced species; Health and safety

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R 2005-07
Gupta, M.V.; Acosta, B.O. ( 2004 ) A review of global tilapia farming practices.
Aquaculture Asia Magazine 10(1):7-12, 16.
Subject Descriptors: Tilapia; Technology-GIFT; Aquaculture production

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Hill, R.; Sendashonga, C. ( 2004 ) The role of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cattagena Protocol on Biosafety in minimizing adverse effects of invasive alien species and living modified organisms. p. 47-55.
Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
The introduction of alien species into ecosystems has the potential to adversely affect biological diversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), an international agreement with 182 member countries including 53 in Africa, requires parties to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. The parties to the Convention have developed guiding principles for the prevention, introduction, and mitigation of impacts of alien species, which are an important guide for managing species introductions. The Convention also addresses the more specific issue of biosafety, referring to the need to protect the environment and human health from the possible adverse effects of organisms that are modified using techniques of modern biotechnology. The parties to the Convention developed and adopted an agreement on biosafety, known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, aimed at ensuring an adequate level of protection in the safe transfer, handling and use of living modifi ed organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology. Some key provisions of the Protocol include requirements for: (i) an advance informed agreement regarding the trans-boundary move ment of LMOs in tended for introduction into the environment; (ii) risk assessment and risk management; (iii) handling, transport, packaging, and identification of LMOs; (iv) capacity building; and (v) information sharing. Significant progress has been made towards operationalizing a number of these provisions, particularly those with procedural requirements, in preparation for entry into force of the Protocol.
Subject Descriptors: Introduced species; Policies; Regulations; Biodiversity; Risks; Marine organisms; Health and safety

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R 2005-27
Gomaah, S.A.A.; El Naggar, G.O. ( 2004 ) Status of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture around the world: a review. p. 375-383.
Proceedings of the first International Conference for Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center.
African catfish Clarias gariepinus is widely distributed through and has long been considered as one of the most suitable species for culture in Africa (El Bollock & Koura, 1960; De Kimpe & Micha, 1974). C.Gariepinus had been introduced into Europe, Asia and Latin America for farming purposes (Verreth et al., 1993; El Naggar et al., 2002). Despite being native to Africa, this fish species have not yet played the role it is supposed to play in the African aquaculture. To a large extent the poor performance of Clarias sp. in Africa is due to the absence of reliable production techniques for reproduction and rearing of these species under practical farming conditions (De Graff and Jansen, 1996). A few years ago, successful large scale use of C. gariepinus in African aquaculture had not been achieved, except for South Africa. One of the main factors causing ths limited role for Clarias was the inadequate supply of sufficient numbers of fingerlings to start commercial production activities of medium or large scale. Simple low technology reliable techniques for fingerlings production had been developed and now it is possible to produce sufficient numbers of fingerlings upon demand and in a timely fashion (El Naggar et al., 2002) This article is reviewing the status of C. gariepinus in aquaculture around the world and to throw light on this species and its potential for being one of the main species used in aquaculture.
Subject Descriptors: Polyculture; Intensive culture; Fish culture

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R 2005-24
Jamu, D. ( 2004 ) Sustainable agro-pisciculture in Malawi: contributing to food and nutritional security in a densely populated country.
Entwicklung & Landlicher Raum 6:27-28.
Subject Descriptors: Food security; Agriculture; Land use

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SH207 CP6 #68 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Gupta, M.V.; Bartley, D.M.; Acosta, B.O. (eds.) ( 2004 ) Use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, ISBN 983-2346-27-4.
WorldFish Center Conf. Proc. (68): 107 p.
Aquaculture species are being domesticated and improved through genetic enhancement. Despite the benefits of improved fish in terms of increased production, there are risks associated with conservation of biodiversity when the introduced strains/species escape in natural waters. This is especially important in Africa which is one of the world’s repository of diverse freshwater fish fauna and home to native tilapias. This proceedings is a useful tool in bringing awareness among African institutions, agencies, planners of the issues involved in improving production through introductions of improved strains/alien species while sustaining the biodiversity.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture; Tilapia; Selective breeding; Brood stocks; Biodiversity; Quarantine regulations; Introduced species; Resource conservation

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SH206 P34D42 2003 (Publication Type: Brochure)
WorldFish Center. ( 2003 ) Dhaka declaration on ecological risk assessment of genetically improved fish. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, 18 pp. ISBN 983-2346-21-5.
Fifty-four participants from 20 countries representing national/research institutions in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, non-govermental organizations and regional/international organizations held an Expert Consultation on Ecological Risk Assessment of Genetically Improved Fish during 4-6 August 2003 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, under the auspices of the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture. The participants discussed the benefits and potential risks of improved fish strains, initiated development of guidelines for the environmentally safe dissemination of improved fish strains and a framework for risk assessment. Based on the deliberations at the meeting, the participants formulated the Dhaka declaration.
Subject Descriptors: Selective breeding; Biodiversity

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
WorldFish Center FishBase Project Team. ( 2003 ) FishBase species profile: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) North African catfish.
NAGA 26(3): 27.
In this issue NAGA introduces a new page on profiles of fish species. This page will be a permanent feature of the NAGA and will be based on information derived from FishBase (http://www.fishbase.org), the world’s premier information system on fishes and a global public good. FishBase is being developed by the WorldFish Center and an International Consortium. The first species selected is the North African catfish Clarias gariepinus, one of the most important freshwater fish species in Africa. It has been chosen in honor of Prof Dr Guy Teugels of the Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (MRAC) of Tervuren, Belgium, who recently passed away and who spent many years investigating this species.
Subject Descriptors: FishBase; Species

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Dugan, P. ( 2003 ) Investing in Africa: the WorldFish Center's African strategy in summary.
NAGA 26(3): 4-8.
Across much of Africa, freshwater and coastal fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihood for many millions of people. In addition, the aquaculture potential of the continent has only recently begun to be developed. To help sustain these capture fisheries, support the emergence of aquaculture and foster the contribution of both to sustainable livelihoods and improved food security, the WorldFish Center is increasing its investment in Africa. The framework for this investment is provided by a new Strategy for Africa and West Asia 2002-2006 that identifies priorities for the Center’s work in rivers and floodplains, lakes and reservoirs, coastal fisheries, aquaculture, policy research and capacity building. The present article summarizes the issues being addressed by the Center and describes initial research priorities.
Subject Descriptors: WorldFish Center; Research programmes; Training; Fisheries; Aquaculture; Inland waters

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SH207 I5J36 2003 (Publication Type: Brochure)
WorldFish Center. ( 2003 ) Japan's support to research on genetics and aquaculture in Africa. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, 16 pp.
In 2002 Japan's contribution to the WorldFish Center has supported research on genetics and aquaculture in Africa. Two projects have benefited especially from this support. Their activities and achievements in 2002 and plans for 2003 are reported.
Subject Descriptors: Selective breeding; Aquaculture techniques

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SH206 A755 2003/05 (Publication Type: Medium term plans)
WorldFish Center. ( 2003 ) Medium-term plan 2003 - 2005. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, iv, 129 pp.
Continues: From strategy to action: ICLARM's Medium Term Plan/ issued by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM). Continues: Medium term plan/ issued by ICLARM - The World Fish Center.
This rolling Medium Term Plan (MTP) for 2003-2005 presents WorldFish Center’s (WorldFish) programs and partnerships and describes how they are designed to provide the scientific basis for the multiple positive contributions of sustainable aquatic resources management to poverty eradication, food security and environmental rehabilitation. Building upon WorldFish Center’s recent achievements in aquatic resources research and development, the MTP has been developed against the backdrop of world events in 2001-2002; particularly the food emergencies in Africa, the plight of world capture fisheries, global impacts of economic stagnation and anxiety about national and regional security.
Subject Descriptors: WorldFish Center; Research programs; MTP planning

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Jamu, D.M.; Ayinla, O.A. ( 2003 ) Potential for the development of aquaculture in Africa.
NAGA 26(3): 9-13.
Aquaculture production in Africa has remained low despite the huge potential that exists on the continent. In order for this potential to be realized, it is necessary to refocus the direction of aquaculture development. This paper concludes that for further growth to occur it is necessary to: (i) widen the range of production systems; (ii) increase production intensities and efficiencies; (iii) develop management technologies for indigenous species that target local niche markets; (iv) put more emphasis on marketing and processing of high value products; (v) promote policy research on how aquaculture production can respond to changing macroeconomic policies; and (vi) accelerate the disengagement of government from activities that can best be done by the private sector.
Subject Descriptors: WorldFish Center; Aquaculture development; Research programmes; Fishery policies

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Changadeya, W.; Malekano, L.B.; Ambali, A.J.D. ( 2003 ) Potential of genetics for aquaculture development in Africa.
NAGA 26(3): 31-35.
Aquaculture in Africa is fairly insignificant by world standards and accounts for a mere 0.4 per cent of global aquaculture production. The application of genetics can play an important role in efforts to increase aquaculture production in Africa through methods such as selective breeding, hybridization, chromosome manipulation and use of YY “supermales”. Other issues that need to be addressed are limited genetic research facilities, funding, human capacity and suitable species for aquaculture.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Tilapia; Genetics

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Welcomme, R.L. ( 2003 ) River fisheries in Africa: their relationship to flow regimes.
NAGA 26(3): 22-26.
River fisheries in Africa are important because of their contribution of animal protein to human diets. Such fisheries are highly dependent on hydrological regimes and show considerable year-to-year variation in response to natural climatic events. River flow regimes are being increasingly altered by withdrawals by man, principally for agriculture. The modification of hydrological regimes is leading to diminishing catches of fish and changes in the number and size of the species caught. Given that the trend to remove water from rivers for agriculture and power generation will continue, better appraisals of the impacts of such withdrawals are urgently needed so the policies for water allocation can be better defined. The development of tools to aid in such decision-making is equally important.
Subject Descriptors: River fisheries; Water management; Environmental effects; Stream flow; Man-induced effects; Environmental impact

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Brummett, R.E.; Teugels, G.G. ( 2003 ) Rivers of the Lower Guinean rainforest: biogeography and sustainable exploitation.
p. 149-172. In: Welcomme, R.L and T. Petr. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Management of Large Rivers for Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 11-14 February 2003.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Biodiversity; Natural resources

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SH206 A734S77 2003 (Publication Type: Book; Corporate)
WorldFish Center. ( 2003 ) Strategy for Africa and west Asia: 2002-2006. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, 63 pp.
Subject Descriptors: WorldFish Center; Fishery development; Aquaculture; Food availability

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(Publication Type: Journal article)
Bene, C.; Neiland, A.E. ( 2003 ) Valuing Africa's inland fisheries: overview of current methodologies with an emphasis on livelihood analysis.
NAGA 26(3): 18-21.
While Africa’s inland fisheries are widely recognized to be of great importance to local people, accurate and up-to-date information on their value is sparse and its absence is a serious constraint to the formulation of effective fisheries policies and management practices. As a contribution to current efforts to address this constraint, this paper reviews the different methods that are potentially applicable to the valuation of inland fisheries and discusses their respective rationales and limitations within a multi-sectoral, multi-user context. The livelihood analysis approach is given special emphasis. The complementarity of this recently developed approach with the other, more conventional, environmental economics methods is illustrated.
Subject Descriptors: Inland fisheries; Socioeconomic aspects; Economic analysis; Fishery management

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R 2003-40
Bene, C. ( 2003 ) When fishery rhymes with poverty: a first step beyond the old paradigm on poverty in small-scale fisheries.
World Development 31(6): 949-975.
Subject Descriptors: Small scale fisheries; Poverty; Sociological aspects; Institutional resources; Fishery resources

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(Publication Type: Article)
Jul-Larsen, E.; Zwieten, P. van. ( 2002 ) African freshwater fisheries: what needs to be managed?
Naga 25(3/4): 35-40.
The management of African freshwater fisheries in Southern African Development Coordination (SADC) countries is discussed. Changes in catch and fishing effort in the SADC freshwater fisheries in the past 50 years, the main causes behind the patterns of change in fishing effort, the effects of fishing effort and environment on the regeneration of fish stocks, as well as existing and proposed fisheries management regulations are investigated.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Freshwater fish; Common property resources; Fishing effort; Fishery regulations

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SH207 I5C34 2002 (Publication Type: Book)
WorldFish Center. ( 2002 ) A call for action to the fish world: a guide to fish-related paragraphs of the plan of implementation of the world summit on sustainable development. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center, 32 pp.
It contains tables and a selected verbatim set of the paragraphs and sub paragraphs of the recent Plan of Implementation of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August-4 September 2002. The selected paragraphs and sub-paragarphs are those most relevant to the sustainable use, management and conservation of fish and other living aquatic resources.
Subject Descriptors: Living resources; Fisheries; Sustainability; Resource conservation

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(Publication Type: Article)
Gupta, M.V. ( 2002 ) Genetic enhancement and conservation of aquatic biodiversity in Africa.
Naga 25(3/4): 48-49.
There is a pressing need to enhance fish production in Africa through improved farm management and the use of improved fish breeds and/or alien species in aquaculture while at the same time conserve the aquatic genetic diversity. This paper presents the outcome of the Expert Consultation on Biosafety and Environmental Impact of Genetic Enhancement and Introduction of Improved Tilapia Strains/Alien Species in Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya on 20-23 February 2002. The main topics discussed were status of aquaculture in Africa and the role of genetic enhancement; potential benefits and risks involved in introduction of genetically improved strains and/or alien species with specific reference to tilapias; existing policies and legislation for the conservation of biodiversity, their strengths and weaknesses; capacity for undertaking genetic enhancement research and implementation of policies for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity.
Subject Descriptors: Biodiversity; Genetics; Aquaculture development; Resource conservation; Biotechnology

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SH207 CP6G56 2001 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Williams, S.B. ( 2002 ) Making each and every African fisher count: women do fish. Penang, Malaysia: ICLARM - The World Fish Center, p. 145-154.
Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries.
Subject Descriptors: Role of women; Fisheries

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SH206 P34N34 2002
( 2002 ) Nairobi declaration: conservation of aquatic biodiversity and use of genetically improved and alien species for aquaculture in Africa. Penang: WorldFish Center,
An Expert Consultation on Biosafety and Environmental Impact of Genetic Enhancement and Introduction of Improved Tilapia strains/ Alien species in Africa, was convened in Nairobi, Kenya from 20-23 February 2002 to discuss and develop guidelines that will foster the development of aquaculture while maintaining biodiversity. The meeting was attended by aquaculturists, geneticists and conservation specialists from Africa and from international organizations. Following four days of discussions the participants endorsed the Nairobi Declaration on Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity and use of Genetically Improved and Alien Species for Aquaculture in Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Tilapia; Resource conservation; Biodiversity

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SH207 CP6G56 2001 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Medard, M.; Sobo, F.; Ngatunga, T.; Chirwa, S. ( 2002 ) Women and gender participation in the fisheries sector in Lake Victoria. Penang, Malaysia: ICLARM - The World Fish Center, p. 155-168.
Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries.
Subject Descriptors: Role of women; Fisheries; GENDER

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SH207 CP6G56 2001 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Browne, P.B. ( 2002 ) Women do fish: a case study on gender and the fishing industry in Sierra Leone. Penang, Malaysia: ICLARM - The World Fish Center, p. 169-172.
Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries.
Subject Descriptors: Gender; Role of women; Fish industry

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(Publication Type: Article)
Njie, M.; Mikkola, H. ( 2001 ) A fisheries co-management case study from The Gambia.
NAGA 24 (3-4): 40-49.
User involvement in fisheries management has been around for some time, but few analytical papers have been published on the subject in Africa. Most of these initiatives fall under the rubric of co-management. But what is the concept of co-management in theory and how does it work in practice? In reviewing a comprehensive artisanal fisheries development project, we will attempt to answer this question in the context of The Gambia.
Subject Descriptors: Artisanal fishing; Community involvement; Development projects; Fishery development

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(Publication Type: Article)
Jagger, P.; Pender, J. ( 2001 ) Markets, marketing and production issues for aquaculture in East Africa: the case of Uganda.
NAGA 24 (1/2): 42-51.
Aquaculture is currently responsible for an insignificant proportion of total fish production in Uganda. However, given the increasing demand for fresh fish in urban and peri-urban araes, and threats to the supply of fish from natural catch fisheries, the potential exists for a strong market in aquaculture. Small-scale fish farmers located relatively close to markets or all-season roads, and who can supply consistent and high quality produce, will have the widest range of marketing opportunities, and will likely be within the area of operation of potential traders and intermediaries that deliver fish to markets. Fish farmers that are not close to roads, or produce unreliable quantities and variable quality products may face high transaction costs of marketing their product, and decreasing net returns to production. The authors found that significant on-farm labor, and access to input markets are important factors leading to positive net returns to fish production. Areas with high population density and relatively low wages will be well suited to labor intensive aquaculture. The authors concluded that aquaculture development has good potential in certain areas of Uganda and should therefore be pursued as a potential development pathway. However, policy makers should consider the importance of the price of fresh fish relative to the cost of labor, as well as other factors including the importance of smallholder credit and access to extension services, when directing investments in aquaculture technology.
Subject Descriptors: Aquaculture development; Marketing; Financing; Land; Labour; Farm inputs

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SH167 T54T54 2001
Jamu, D. ( 2001 ) Tilapia culture in Africa: opportunities and challenges. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: INFOFISH, p. 105-112.
Tilapia: production, marketing and technological developments.
Subject Descriptors: Tilapia; Aquaculture development

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SH207 CP6 #63 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Abban, E.K.; Casal, C.M.V.; Falk, T.M.; Pullin, R.S.V. (eds.) ( 2000 ) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone: proceedings of an international workshop. Penang, Malaysia: ICLARM-The World Fish Center, xii, 71 pp. ISBN 971-802-009-8.
A compilation of paper presented in the workshop entitled Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone. The workshop was convened in May 1999 at WRI, to give the project team, invited expert and participants from Ghana and other sub-Saharan Africa countries an opportunity to discuss common interest in tilapia biodiversity and genetic resources conservation and sustainable use, and to consider further research and training needs.
Subject Descriptors: Population genetics; Conservation; Sustainability; Fish culture; Fisheries

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(Publication Type: Journal Article)
Baran, E. ( 2000 ) Biodiversity of estuarine fish faunas in West Africa.
Naga 23(4):4-9 Oct-Dec 2000.
In West Africa (between Ivory Coast and Sénégal), estuarine environments vary from lagoons to high discharge rivers to inverse hypersaline estuaries. This results in a high diversity of estuarine fish species, with an important turnover and a core of ubiquitous species. The species richness of a given estuary depends on the combination of hydrological factors (marine or freshwater dominance) and biogeography (continental biogeographic regions). The catch rate is higher in lagoons and inverse estuaries than in normal estuaries, which can be explained by the predominance of small juveniles in the latter. Clupeids are the most abundant fishes all over the region, but different systems have different dominant species. Assessing the functioning of West-African estuaries provides useful comparisons to Asian estuarine systems.
Subject Descriptors: Estuarine fisheries; Resource management; Fauna; Species diversity

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(Publication Type: Peer Review Journal Article)
Brummett, R.E.; Williams, M.J. ( 2000 ) The evolution of aquaculture in African rural and economic development.
Ecological Economics 33:193-203 2000.
In Africa, aquaculture has developed only recently and so far has made only a small contribution to economic development and food security. We review developments and identify constraints to the expansion of aquaculture in economic and rural development at the continental, national and farm levels. Past development initiatives failed to achieve sustainable increases in production. In contrast, a growing number of smallholder farmers in many countries have been adopting and adapting pond aquaculture to their existing farming systems and slowly increasing their production efficiency. An evolutionary approach that builds on a fusion of local and outside participation in technology development and transfer appears more likely to produce fish production systems that are more productive and more environmentally and socially sustainable in the long term.

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Prein, M.; Ahmed, M. ( 2000 ) Integration of aquaculture into smallholder farming systems for improved food security and household nutrition.
Food Nutrition Bulletin 21(4):466-471.
Aquaculture production techniques based on the culture of low-value herbivorous and/or omnivorous freshwater finfish in inland rural communities, within semi-intensive or extensive farming systems that use moderate to low levels of production inputs, have supplied large quantities of affordable fish for domestic markets and home consumption. Only recently have studies been initiated to assess the contribution of these integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) systems to improved nutrition and food security, both within IAA farm households and in non-IAA households in the community. The effect can be direct, through within-household consumption and dietary improvement, but also indirect, through sale of fish produce and purchase of other food items (often at lower unit value than the sold fish). In the absence of in-depth studies, this contribution presents key elements from recent experiences in Africa and Asia that indicate where benefits from the integration of aquaculture into farming systems for human nutrition and food security can be achieved, and it recommends future avenues for research to provide much-needed information on the contribution of aquaculture to household nutrition and food security.
Subject Descriptors: Integrated farming; Food security; Nutritive value; Freshwater fish; Fish culture

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(Publication Type: Article)
Richardson, A.J.; Lamberts, C.; Isaacs, G.; Moloney, C.L.; Gibbons, M.J. ( 2000 ) Length-weight relationships for some important forage crustaceans from South Africa.
NAGA 23(2): 29-33.
The diet of marine animals is usually determined by stomach content analysis. Although partially digested prey fragments can often be identified to species level, it is difficult to estimate the original mass of the prey organism. This information, however, is essential for calculating both the total food intake as well as the relative contribution of each prey item. In this study we present regression equations that can be used to estimate the original mass of 18 common South African crustaceans from various indigestible fragments such as the carapace (length and width), chelae (length and width of left and right dactylus) and eye (length and width).
Subject Descriptors: Shellfish; Length-weight relationships; Stomach content; Regression analysis

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SH121 A36 1998
Palomares, M.L.D.; Casal, C.M.V. ( 1998 ) A database approach to illustrate genetic trends in fishes. Paris: Institut Francais de Recherche scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, ORTOM, p. 105-114. (^aCollection colloques et seminaires.)
Genetics and aquaculture in Africa.
ICLARM Contrib. No.
Subject Descriptors: Genetics; Data collections; FishBase (Computer file)

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SH206 P271R47 #12 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Normann, A.K.; Nielsen, J.R.; Sverdrup-Jensen, S. (eds.) ( 1998 ) Fisheries co-management in Africa: Proceedings from a regional workshop on fisheries co-management research. Hirtshals, Denmark: Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development, North Sea Centre, 326 p. (Research report ; 12.) ISBN 87-987145-0-3.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Resource management; Popular participation

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SH121 A36 1998
Pullin, R.S.V. ( 1998 ) Genetic resources for aquaculture: ownership and access. Paris: Institut Francais de Recherche scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, ORSTOM, p. 21-31. (^aCollection colloques et seminaires.)
Genetics and aquaculture in Africa.
ICLARM Contrib. No.
Subject Descriptors: Genetic resources; Genetics; Aquaculture; Property rights

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(Publication Type: Article)
Brummett, R.E. ( 1998 ) Making experiment station results more useful to African fish farmers.
NAGA 21 (2): 19-24.
Rather than using more or less ideal conditions for setting experimental controls, the use of conditions similar to those likely to be encountered by farmers should produce research results which are realistically achievable on the farm. ICLARM has developed an approach to farmer-led experimentation which utilizes a spreadsheet to collate and analyze data collected from participating farmers. The simulation of actual management practices utilized by farmers produced results in replicated on-station trials which were within 11% of net yields on-farm. In addition to giving researchers a tool for comparing farm and station management practices, giving farmers a realistic indication of what yields will be if a technology is adopted should help overcome the problems of disillusionment often encountered when farm results fall below those expected by researchers on the basis of experiment station studies.
Subject Descriptors: Experimental research; Data processing; PondSim (Computer file); Fish culture; Computer programs

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(Publication Type: Article)
Delgado, C.L.; McKenna, A.A. ( 1997 ) Demand for fish in Sub-Saharan Africa: the past and the future.
NAGA 20 (3/4): 79-82; 97-101.
The Sub-Saharan region of Africa accounted for only 5.5% of the world's demand for fish from 1989 to 1991, inspite of comprising 9% of the global population. This study was carried out to determine the future demand for fish in the Sub-Saharan region. Fish accounts for approximately 10% of animal protein consumed. It is prominent in the diet of the poor since cured and smoked fish is a cheaper source of protein than meat or eggs. The average per capita consumption in 1992 was about 8 kg compared to 30 kg globally. Fish is prominent in the diets of people near coastal areas and large inland water bodies and a total of 40% of fish consumed is freshwater fish. Consumption is rising in the coastal areas but falling inland, probably due to drought and overexploitation resulting in an inadequate supply. Aquaculture has not been widely adopted and does not contribute substantially to the region's supply. To determine future demand and trends, a regression analysis was carried out at the country level with FAO data on fish consumption from 1960 to 1992, using several proxies for disposable income, cost of fishery products, changes in tastes and national differences in the tradition of fish consumption. An aggregate increase in fish consumption of nearly 2.7% annually over the next few years was predicted with a strong correlation between increases in income, prices and population. Real income was a significant and positive determinant of fish consumption, even though consumption increaed more slowly than income. Given the high projected rate of population increase, the growth rate in overall fish consumption actually implies a reduction in per capita fish consumption of 0.31% annually. If technological progress can improve production and supply, aquaculture could have a significant impact on fish consumption in the region.
Subject Descriptors: Food fish; Demand; Market research; Fishery products; Fishery industry; Fish consumption; Fishery economics; Economic analysis

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SH207 CP6 #50 (Publication Type: Conference proceedings)
Annala, J.H. (ed.) ( 1997 ) Fisheries and aquaculture research planning needs for Africa and West Asia. ISBN 971-8709-67-3.
ICLARM Conf. Proc. (50): 80 p.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1271.
The report describes the process in identifying the research agenda for conducting research on living aquatic resource management in the Africa and West Asia region.
Subject Descriptors: Fisheries; Aquaculture; Research programmes

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SH207 CP6 #50
Pomeroy, R.S.; Dey, M.M. ( 1997 ) Fisheries, aquaculture and coastal resources: social science research in Africa and West Asia.
ICLARM Conf. Proc. (50): 55-56.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1285.
Subject Descriptors: Social sciences; Research; Fisheries; Aquaculture; Coastal fisheries; Fishery resources; Sociological aspects

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Poizat, G.; Baran, E. ( 1997 ) Fishermen's knowledge as background information in tropical fish ecology: a quantitative comparison with fish sampling results.
Environmental Biology of Fishes 50(4):435-449 1997.
An investigation of fishermen’s knowledge of fish occurrence patterns on various spatio-temporal scales has been realized in the Fatala Estuary (Guinea, West Africa), accompanied by a one-year survey with standardized gill-net sets. Seventy one fishermen distributed in four zones corresponding to gill-net sampling sites were questioned about seasonal variations of species’ relative abundances. Longitudinal and seasonal patterns of fish relative abundances were described with correspondence analysis and ANOVA for both approaches. Comparison of results showed a good coherence between fishermen’s answers and gill-net sampling results. Thus, it is proposed that investigation of fishermen’s ecological knowledge should be used as a preliminary study to help defining fish sampling designs in tropical rivers and estuaries.
Subject Descriptors: Fishermen; Fishery resources; Historical account; Sampling; Biological sampling; Tropical fisheries; Sociological aspects; Small scale fisheries

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SH207 CP6 #50
Brummett, R.E. ( 1997 ) ICLARM's approach to integrated resource management in Africa.
ICLARM Conf. Proc. (50): 33-35.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1283.
Subject Descriptors: Integrated resource management; Research programmes; ICLARM

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SH207 CP6 #50
Prein, M. ( 1997 ) Partnership between National Aquatic Research Systems and ICLARM in Africa.
ICLARM Conf. Proc. (50): 65-68.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1286.
Subject Descriptors: National aquatic research systems; ICLARM; Research programmes

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SH207 CP6 #50
Pullin, R.S.V. ( 1997 ) Towards an agenda for strategic research and training on sustainable use of inland aquatic resources systems in Africa.
ICLARM Conf. Proc. (50): 37-38.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1284.
Subject Descriptors: Inland waters; Aquatic resources; Resource conservation; Research programmes; Training; Sustainable aquaculture

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SH206 P271W67 #5 (Publication Type: Technical reports)
Jackson, J.C. (ed.) ( 1996 ) Research initiatives on fisheries co-management in Central and Southern Africa.
Work. Pap. Fish. Co-manage. Res. Proj. (5): 1 v. (var. pag.)
"This workshop was jointly sponsored by IFM CCD Denmark, ICLARM Philippines, and CASS UZ Zimbabwe"
Subject Descriptors: Research; Fishery management; Popular participation; Conferences

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(Publication Type: Article)
Wanink, J.R. ( 1996 ) The small pelagic Rastrineobola argentea: successful survivor in Lake Victoria.
NAGA 19 (1): 48.
The small cyprinid dagaa (Rastreneobola argentea) is the only indigenous species from Lake Victoria which still supports an important fishery after the population boom of the introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus), while at the same time it is a major prey species of the perch. The observed life-history tactics and the shift from juvenile to adult exploitation mortality made dagaa a successful survivor in a disrupted ecosystem. Although the prospects for a sustainable fishery are good, the current increase in the use of mosquito seines is dangerous. Not only do mosquito seines yield a lower catch per unit of effort than alternative gear, but they also show a strong selection for juvenile dagaa.
Subject Descriptors: Endemic species; Pelagic fisheries; Lake fisheries

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SH207 CP6 #41
Noble, R.P. ( 1996 ) Utilization of on-farm resources for aquaculture in rural Africa.
ICLARM Conf. Proc. (41): 141-151.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 950.
Subject Descriptors: Waste utilization; Agricultural wastes; Fish culture; Small scale aquaculture; Integrated farming; Farming systems

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(Publication Type: Article)
Morales-Nin, B. ( 1995 ) Age and growth of three species of Lake Victoria fish determined by means of otolith daily growth rings.
NAGA 18 (1): 39-41.
The sagittal otoliths of Lates niloticus, Haplochromis obesus, and Oreochromis niloticus from Lake Victoria were examined for daily growth rings using scanning electron microscopy. In the three species the increments were clear and thick enough to allow future studies with light microscopy. The daily nature of the increments seems supported by the rhythmic growth that were found.
Subject Descriptors: Age determination; Growth; Otolith reading; Electron microscopy

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(Publication Type: Article)
Cochrane, K.L. ( 1995 ) Anticipated impacts of recent political changes on fisheries management in South Africa.
NAGA 18 (1): 4-8.
South Africa's marine resources are essentially fully exploited and in some cases over exploited. The Government of National Unity has embarked on the ambitious Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to: meet the basic needs; develop the country's human resources; build economy; and democratize the state and society. Although fisheries can only be expected to play a minor role in contributing to RDP, the Programme have a role to play in managing South Africa's living marine resources. The role of RDP in fisheries management is presented together with fisheries management approaches to help achieve the aims of the RDP.
Subject Descriptors: Fishery management; Political aspects; Marine fisheries

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SH207 TR4 #45 (Publication Type: Technical report)
Moreau, J.; Palomares, M.L.D.; Torres, F.S.B., Jr.; Pauly, D. ( 1995 ) Atlas demographique des populations de poissons d'eau douce d'Afrique. ISBN 971-8709-65-7.
ICLARM Tech. Rep. (45): 138p.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1168.
Subject Descriptors: Freshwater fish; Population dynamics; Stock assessment; Growth curves; Catch/effort; Recruitment; Fishery biology

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(Publication Type: Article)
Brummett, R.E. ( 1995 ) The context of smallholding integrated aquaculture in Malawi: a case study of SubSaharan Africa.
NAGA 18 (4): 8-10.
ICLARM Contrib. No. 1243.
Subject Descriptors: Integrated farming; Aquaculture development; Small farms; Farming systems

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(Publication Type: Article)
Kimani, E.N. ( 1995 ) Coral reef resources of East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania and the Seychelles.
NAGA 18 (4): 4-7.
Coral reefs are widespread along the east African coast and Seychelle islands. Their roles in island building and coastal protection are often underestimated, they are also important fishery habitats and major tourist attractions. The east African marine fishery production, estimated at 1.4-4.9 tonnes per km super(2), is principally a result of artisanal fishing. Siltation, trampling, and destructive fishing methods are the main cause of coral reef degradation along the east African coast and associated islands. Legislation has been implemented to protect coral reefs by establishing marine parks and reserves. However, poaching and anchor damage are widespread on these protected reefs. Legislative provision to increase the benefit to fishing communities may reduce poaching. The establishment of exclusive nature reserves may be one way to ensure preservation of some coral reefs in the region.
Subject Descriptors: Coral reefs; Reef fisheries; Fishery resources; Marine resources; Resource conservation

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Wandera, S.B.; Wanink, J.H. ( 1995 ) Growth and mortality of dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea, Fam. Cyprinidae) in Lake Victoria.
NAGA 18 (1): 42-45.
Growth and mortality parameters of the small Lake Victoria cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea were determined from length-frequency analysis, using the ELEFAN I and II programs. The results of two sampling programs, both performed during 1988, one in Uganda (mosquito seine) and the other in Tanzania (pelagic trawl), were highly corresponding, In comparison with previously published data on the growth of dagaa and some similar species, low values for L sub( infinity ) (65 mm standard length) and K (1 year super(-1)) were found. Total mortality (Z) amounted to 3.9-4.4 year super(-1). A single annual breeding peak was observed both in Uganda (October/November) and in Tanzania (February/March).
Subject Descriptors: Growth; Mortality; Recruitment; Length; Frequency analysis; Size distribution

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Brummett, R.E. ( 1995 ) In praise of integrated aquaculture its prospects in the SADC region.
ALCOM News Jan:10-12.
The author suggested that integrated aquaculture can build up the productive capacity of smallholder farmers, feed people and protect the environment in Southern Africa.
Subject Descriptors: Agropisciculture

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(Publication Type: Article)
Brummett, R.E. ( 1995 ) Integrated resources management, integrated agriculture-aquaculture and the African farmer.
NAGA 18 (1): 12-14.
ICLARM Contrib. No.
Despite the expenditure of huge amounts of money and human effort, the Green Revolution has largely failed to benefit the vast majority of the rural poor in Africa: those smallholding farmers who sell little, if any, of what they grow and rely almost entirely upon natural soil fertility, rainfall and traditional broodstock and seed varieties. New approaches on food production and income generation in the rural areas must be found if this sector of agricultural community is to be assisted. Integrated resources management (IRM) in general, and integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) in particular, may offer some solutions in cases where the classical methods of improving farm output have failed and/or been unsustainable.
Subject Descriptors: Integrated farming; Resource management; Farming systems; Rural communities

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Satia, B. ( 1995 ) The Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.
NAGA 18 (1): 9-11.
The Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) was initiated in 1983 to help some 20 coastal states from Mauritiana to Angola which wished to develop and manage their artisanal fisheries through participatory and integrated approaches. IDAF was initially financed by Denmark and Norway. The second phase of the programme which started in January 1989 and its third phase, July 1984 are entirely financed by Denmark through the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA). IDAF objectives and activities to meet its goals are briefly discussed together with its beneficiaries and accomplishments.
Subject Descriptors: Small scale fisheries; Fishery development; Marine fisheries; Research programmes; IDAF; Development projects

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SH207 CP6 #46